Scientific References
Vitamins, minerals and other dietary supplements
Books
by Kedar N. Prasad, CRC Press (Sep 22 2010), 391 pages
by Shils, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 10 edition (Aug 1 2005), 2146 pagesp
by Adrianne Bendich, Humana Press; 3rd ed. edition (Mar 1 2005), 2146 pages
by Novartis Foundation, Wiley; No. 282 edition (Aug 31 2007), 236 pages
by Mike Greenwood, Humana Press; 1 edition (Oct 6 2008), 522 pages
Scientific Articles
Long-term Use of β-Carotene, Retinol, Lycopene, and Lutein Supplements and Lung Cancer Risk: Results from the VITamins And Lifestyle (VITAL) Study
Jessie A. Satia; Alyson Littman; Christopher G. Slatore; Joseph A. Galanko; Emily White, American Journal of Epidemiology. 2009;169(7):815-828. Doi:10.1093/aje/kwn409
Abstract
- High-dose β-carotene supplementation in high-risk persons has been linked to increased lung cancer risk in clinical trials; whether effects are similar in the general population is unclear. The authors examined associations of supplemental β-carotene, retinol, vitamin A, lutein, and lycopene with lung cancer risk among participants, aged 50–76 years, in the VITamins And Lifestyle (VITAL) cohort Study in Washington State. In 2000–2002, eligible persons (n = 77,126) completed a 24-page baseline questionnaire, including detailed questions about supplement use (duration, frequency, dose) during the previous 10 years from multivitamins and individual supplements/mixtures. Incident lung cancers (n = 521) through December 2005 were identified by linkage to the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results cancer registry. Longer duration of use of individual β-carotene, retinol, and lutein supplements (but not total 10-year average dose) was associated with statistically significantly elevated risk of total lung cancer and histologic cell types; for example, hazard ratio = 2.02, 95% confidence interval: 1.28, 3.17 for individual supplemental lutein with total lung cancer and hazard ratio = 3.22, 95% confidence interval: 1.29, 8.07 for individual β-carotene with small-cell lung cancer for > 4 years versus no use. There was little evidence for effect modification by gender or smoking status. Long-term use of individual β-carotene, retinol, and lutein supplements should not be recommended for lung cancer prevention, particularly among smokers.
Investigation of vitamin and mineral tablets and capsules on the Canadian market, Raimar Löbenberg1, Wayne Steinke2, Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, 9(1):40-49, 2006
Abstract
- Canadian study indicates that quality of nutritional supplements is still a concern. In a recent study, researchers discovered that more than half of the nutritional supplements tested did not disintegrate properly. Included in the test were 39 tablets and 10 capsules containing minerals and vitamins commercially available on the Canadian market. USANA's Multimineral was included in the test. The first disintegration stage was performed using Simulated Intestinal Fluid (SIF) pH 6.8 for 20 minutes. Products which did not disintegrate were further analyzed using USP disintegration conditions for dietary supplements. Of the 39 tablets tested, only 18 products (which included Usana's Multimineral) disintegrated fully at the first stage. The 21 tablets that did not pass the first stage were then tested for disintegration using USP conditions. Nine tablets still failed to disintegrate, including all three timed-release products tested. Forty-percent of the capsules also failed the first stage, although all ten eventually passed when subjected to USP testing conditions.
- This study illustrates that disintegration, one basic indicator of product quality, is still a concern for dietary supplements.
Prevention of Rickets and Vitamin D Deficiency in Infants, Children, and Adolescents, Carol L. Wagner, MD, Frank R. Greer, MD, and the Section on Breastfeeding and Committee on Nutrition, PEDIATRICS Vol. 122 No. 5 November 2008, pp. 1142-1152
Antioxidants and other nutrients do not interfere with chemotherapy or radiation therapy and can increase kill and increase survival, part 1.
Simone CB 2nd, Simone NL, Simone V, Simone CB.
Alternative Therapies In Health And Medicine, 2007 Jan-Feb;13(1):22-8.
[Abstract]
Antioxidants and other nutrients do not interfere with chemotherapy or radiation therapy and can increase kill and increase survival, Part 2.
Simone CB 2nd, Simone NL, Simone V, Simone CB.
Alternative Therapies In Health And Medicine, 2007 Mar-Apr;13(2):40-7.
[Abstract]
Multiple dietary antioxidants enhance the efficacy of standard and experimental cancer therapies and decrease their toxicity.
Prasad KN, Integrative Cancer Therapies, 2004 Dec;3(4):310-22.
[Abstract]
Dietary antioxidants and human cancer.
Borek C., Integrative Cancer Therapies, 2004 Dec;3(4):333-41.
[Abstract]
Supplementation with calcium + vitamin D enhances the beneficial effect of weight loss on plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations1,2,3
Geneviève C Major, Francine Alarie, Jean Doré, Sakouna Phouttama and Angelo Tremblay, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 85, No. 1, 54-59, January 2007
Calcium supplementation and bone mineral accretion in adolescent girls: an 18-mo randomized controlled trial with 2-y follow-up, Helen L Lambert, Richard Eastell, Kavita Karnik, Jean M Russell and Margo E Barker, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 87, No. 2, 455-462, February 2008
Vitamin D and calcium supplementation reduces cancer risk: results of a randomized trial, Joan M Lappe, Dianne Travers-Gustafson, K Michael Davies, Robert R Recker and Robert P Heaney
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 85, No. 6, 1586-1591, June 2007
Respiratory epithelial cells convert inactive vitamin D to its active form: potential effects on host defense.
Hansdottir S, Monick MM, Hinde SL, Lovan N, Look DC, Hunninghake GW.
The Journal of Immunology, 2008 Nov 15;181(10):7090-9.
- Cells in lung tissue activate vitamin D and increase immune function.New research shows that vitamin D present in the lungs stimulates the killing of bacteria and improves the body's ability to reduce inflammation.
Role of mitochondria in neuronal cell death induced by oxidative stress; neuroprotection by Coenzyme Q10.
Somayajulu M, McCarthy S, Hung M, Sikorska M, Borowy-Borowski H, Pandey S.
Neurobiology of Disease, 2005 Apr;18(3):618-27.
[Abstract]
- CoEnzyme Q10 protects nerve cells. CoEnzyme Q10 has shown the ability to protect nerve cells and potentially lower the risk of various degenerative diseases.
Sunlight exposure, antioxidants, and age-related macular degeneration.
Astrid E. Fletcher, PhD; Graham C. Bentham, PhD; Maureen Agnew, PhD; Ian S. Young, MD, PhD; Cristina Augood, MBBS; Usha Chakravarthy, MD, PhD; Paulus T. V. M. de Jong, MD, PhD; Mati Rahu, PhD; Johan Seland, MD; Gisele Soubrane, MD, PhD; Laura Tomazzoli, MD; Fotis Topouzis, MD; Johannes R. Vingerling, MD, PhD; Jesus Vioque, PhD Archives of Ophthalmology, 2008 Oct;126(10):1396-403.
- Decreased antioxidant levels increase risk of age-related macular degeneration with exposure to sunlight. The journal Archives of Ophthalmology recently reported that having reduced plasma antioxidant levels and increased exposure to sunlight increases the risk of neovascular, or advanced age-related macular degeneration (AMD).
Prospective study of dietary fiber, whole grain foods, and small intestinal cancer.
Schatzkin A, Park Y, Leitzmann MF, Hollenbeck AR, Cross AJ.
Gastroenterology, 2008 Oct;135(4):1163-7. Epub 2008 Jul 17.
[Abstract]
- Dietary fiber from whole grains protects against cancer of the small intestine. Many large studies have found that people with higher intakes of dietary fiber and whole grains have a lower risk of colorectal cancer. However, until now there has been very little information on dietary and other risk factors for cancer of the small intestine. New research shows that people with the highest intakes of dietary fiber have a lower risk for cancer of the small intestine.
Dietary nutrient intakes and skin-aging appearance among middle-aged American women, Maeve C Cosgrove, Oscar H Franco, Stewart P Granger, Peter G Murray and Andrew E Mayes, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 86, No. 4, 1225-1231, October 2007
- Nutritional factors play a key role in normal functioning of the skin, the body's largest organ. However, little is known about the effects of diet on skin-aging appearance. Recent research indicates that higher intakes of vitamin C and linoleic acid and lower intakes of fats and carbohydrates are associated with better skin-aging appearance.
Nutrient adequacy during weight loss interventions: a randomized study in women comparing the dietary intake in a meal replacement group with a traditional food group., Ashley JM, Herzog H, Clodfelter S, Bovee V, Schrage J, Pritsos C., Nutrition Journal, 2007 Jun 25;6:12.
- Dietary supplements and fortified meal replacements help ensure nutritional adequacy during energy-restricted diets for weight loss. Weight control strategies that are both safe and effective are needed to reduce the rate of the current obesity epidemic. In a recent study, people incorporating fortified meal replacements were more likely to have adequate essential nutrient intakes compared to a group following a more traditional food group diet.
Effect of cereal test breakfasts differing in glycemic index and content of indigestible carbohydrates on daylong glucose tolerance in healthy subjects
Anne C Nilsson, Elin M Östman, Yvonne Granfeldt and Inger ME Björck
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 87, No. 3, 645-654, March 2008
- Effect of low-glycemic cereals on glucose response at subsequent meals. High-glycemic diets and their impact on blood glucose levels are increasingly associated with a heightened risk of obesity, type-2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. New research has shown that eating a low-glycemic breakfast comprised of certain whole grains can help moderate blood glucose responses for the rest of the day.
The relationship of dietary lipid intake and age-related macular degeneration in a case-control study: AREDS Report No. 20.
SanGiovanni JP, Chew EY, Clemons TE, Davis MD, Ferris FL 3rd, Gensler GR, Kurinij N, Lindblad AS, Milton RC, Seddon JM, Sperduto RD; Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group.
Archives of Ophthalmology, 2007 May;125(5):671-9.
- Fish and Vitamin D Intake Linked to Lower Risk of Macular Degeneration. Two studies published in the May 2007 Archives of Ophthalmology have shown that vitamin D and the omega-3 fatty acids from fish may help lower the risk of developing age-related macular degeneration
Association between vitamin D and age-related macular degeneration in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988 through 1994.
Parekh N, Chappell RJ, Millen AE, Albert DM, Mares JA.
Archives of Ophthalmology, 2007 May;125(5):661-9.
Fish oil intake compared with olive oil intake in late pregnancy and asthma in the offspring: 16 y of registry-based follow-up from a randomized controlled trial, Sjurdur F Olsen, Marie Louise Østerdal, Jannie Dalby Salvig, Lotte Maxild Mortensen, Dorte Rytter, Niels J Secher and Tine Brink Henriksen
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 88, No. 1, 167-175, July 2008
- Fish oil intake during pregnancy may be associated with lower asthma incidence during childhood. New research has shown a significant correlation between fish oil intake during pregnancy and asthma incidence during childhood. Children whose mothers supplemented with fish oil during pregnancy were significantly less likely to be diagnosed with childhood asthma than children from non-supplementing mothers.
Effect of fish oil on heart rate in humans. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, Mozaffarian D, Geelen A, Brouwer IA, Geleijnse JM, Zock PL, Katan MB., Circulation, 2005;112:1945-1952
- Fish oil lowers heart rate. There is significant evidence that omega-3 fatty acids have a beneficial effect on heart arrhythmias (irregular heart beat), which can lead to a decreased risk of death from cardiovascular disease. New analyses indicate that regular fish oil intake could correspond to as much as a 5% reduction in population-wide sudden deaths.
Flaxseed oil and fish-oil capsule consumption alters human red blood cell n–3 fatty acid composition: a multiple-dosing trial comparing 2 sources of n–3 fatty acid1,2,3, Gwendolyn Barceló-Coblijn, Eric J Murphy, Rgia Othman, Mohammed H Moghadasian, Tarek Kashour and James K Friel
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 88, No. 3, 801-809, September 2008
- Flaxseed oil and fish oil raise omega-3 fatty acid levels in human blood cells . Fish oil supplementation is known to result in an increase in plasma omega-3 fatty acid content, particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Alpha linolenic acid (ALA), an omega-3 fatty acid found in plants, is the direct precursor of EPA and DHA and should show effects similar to fish oil. Until now, however, this has been challenged because of reported low conversion of ALA into DHA. A recent study provides evidence that the ALA supplemented from flaxseed oil is effectively converted to EPA and DHA and accumulated in human blood cells.
