Scientific References
Physical activity - its role in the maintenance of optimal health and disease prevention
General - Physical Activity and Health
Biddle, S.J.H. and Murrie, N. (2008) Psychology of Physical Activity: Determinants, Well-being and Interventions, 2nd edn, London: Routledge.
Health benefits of physical activity: the evidence,
Darren E.R. Warburton, Crystal Whitney Nicol and Shannon S.D. Bredin,
Canadian Medical Association Journal, March 14, 2006; 174 (6). doi:10.1503/cmaj.051351
American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand. The recommended quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness, and flexibility in healthy adults.
Pollock, Michael L. Ph.D., FACSM (Chairperson); Gaesser, Glenn A. Ph.D., FACSM (Co-chairperson); Butcher, Janus D. M.D., FACSM; Després, Jean-Pierre Ph.D.; Dishman, Rod K. Ph.D., FACSM; Franklin, Barry A. Ph.D., FACSM; Garber, Carol Ewing Ph.D., FACSM
Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, Vol. 30, No. 6, pp. 975-991, 1998
Associations between Physical Activity Dose and Health-Related Quality of Life, BROWN, DAVID W.; BROWN, DAVID R.; HEATH, GREGORY W.; BALLUZ, LINA; GILES, WAYNE H.; FORD, EARL S.; MOKDAD, ALI H.,
Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 36(5):890-896, May 2004.
[Abstract]
Collection of papers from a symposium organized by "Dose-response issues concerning physical activity and health: an evidence-based symposium"
Health Canada and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2001)
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33 (6) Supplement
[Abstract] [Full Text] [Full Text PDF]
Dose-response issues in physical activity, fitness, and health. Haskell, W.L. (2006) In: Physical Activity and Health. C. Bouchard, S.N. Blair and W.L. Haskell (eds) Champaign: Human Kinetics, pp.303-17.
Exercise is Medicine (2007) A programme launched by the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Online, available at: www.exerciseismedicine.org.
Interventions to promote walking: systematic review
Ogilivie, D., Foster, C.E., Rothnie, H., Cavill, N., Hamilton, V., Fitzimons, C.F., Murrie, N. on behalf of the Scottish Physical Activity Research Collaboration (2007)
British Medical journal, 334: 1204-14.
Joggers May Live Longer... Kaplan; JAMA 1984;252:528-528.
[Abstract]
Physical Activity and Public Health -- A Recommendation from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine
Pate RR, Pratt M, Blair SN, Haskell WL, Macera CA, Bouchard C, Buchner D, Ettinger W, Heath GW, King AC, et al.
JAMA 1995;273:402-407
Physical activity and public health: updated recommendation for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association
Haskell, W.L., Lee, I.-M., Pate, R.R., Powell, K.E., Blair, S.N., Franklin, B.A., Macera, c.A., Heath, G.W., Thompson, P.O., and Bauman, A. (2007)
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 39: 1423-34.
[Abstract]
Physical Activity Counseling for Healthy Adults as a Primary Preventive Intervention in the Clinical Setting: Report for the US Preventive Services Task Force, Harris et al., JAMA 1989;261:3588-3598.
[Abstract]
Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness. Caspersen C J, Powell KE, Christenson GM., Public Health Reports, 1985;100:125-131.
Physical activity guidelines for Americans', United States Department of Health and Human Services (2008). Online, available at http://www.health.gov/paguidelines
Physical Activity, Fitness, and Health.
Bouchard C, Shephard R J, Stephens T, eds.
Human Kinetics Publishers, Champaign, Ill; 1994.
Physical fitness. Leon AS., In: The Book of Health. Wyinder EL, ed. American Health Foundation, Franklin Watts; New York, NY: 1981:293.
Psychological effects of exercise for disease resistance and health promotion.
Dishman RK. In: Exercise and Disease.
Watson RR, Eisinher M, eds. CRC Press; Boca Raton, Fla:1992:179-207.
Secular trends in adult physical activity. Stephens T.
Research Quarterly for Exercise & Sport, 1987;58:94-105.
[Abstract]
Stepping towards causation: do built environments or neighborhood and travel preferences explain physical activity, driving, and obesity? Frank, L.D., Saelens, B.E., Powell, K.E. and Chapman, J.E. (2007)
Social Science and Medicine 65: 1898-914.
[Abstract]
Television viewing and physical fitness in adults. Tucker LA.
Research Quarterly for Exercise & Sport, 1990;61:315-320.
[Abstract]
The behavioral risk factor surveys, IV: the descriptive epidemiology of exercise. White CC, Powell KE, Goelin GC, Gentry EM, Forman MR.
American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 1987;3:304-310.
[Abstract]
The birth of physical activity guidelines for Americans
Nelson, M.E., Haskell, W.L, and Kennedy, M. (2008)
Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 5: 485-7.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [Full Text PDF]
The evolution of physical activity recommendations: how much is enough?
Blair, S.N., laMonte, M.J. and Nichaman, M.Z. (2004)
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 79: S913-20.
The effect of physician advice on exercise behavior. Lewis BS, Lynch WD.
Preventive Medicine, 1993;22: 110-121.
[Abstract]
Training effects of long versus short bouts of exercise in healthy subjects.
DeBusk RF, Stenestrand U, Sheehan M, Haskell WL.
American Journal of Cardiology, 1990; 65:1010-1013.
[Abstract]
Trends in physical activity patterns among older adults: the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 1986-1990. Caspersen C J, Merritt RK.
Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 1992;24 (suppl):S26.
[Abstract]
Walk With Your Doc, Dan, JAMA 1988;259:2743-2744.
[Abstract]
Physical Activity and Mortality
Do physical activity and physical fitness avert premature mortality? Lee, I-M. and Paffenbarger, R.S. (1996). Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 24: 135-71.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [Full Text PDF]
Influence of Low Fitness on Mortality in Men and Women, Leon, Arthur S. M.D.,
Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine: January 1997 - Volume 7 - Issue 1 - ppg 75
[Abstract]
Is physical activity or physical fitness more important in defining health benefits? Blair, S.N., Cheng, Y. and Holder, J.S. (2001). Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise: June 2001 - Volume 33 - Issue 6 - pp S379-S399
[Abstract]
Physical activity and all-cause mortality: what is the dose response relation?
Lee, I-M. and Skerrett, P.J. (2001). Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33 (Supplement): S459-71, June 2001
[Abstract]
Physical activity and all-cause mortality in women
Oguma, Y., Sesso, H.D., Paffenbarger, R.S. and Lee, I.-M. (2002)
British Journal of Sports Medicine, 36: 162-72.
Physical activity, fitness, and mortality rates. Blair, S.N. and LaMonte, M.J. (2007). In: Physical Activity and Health, C. Bouchard, S.N. Blair, and W.L. Haskell (eds) Champaign: Human Kinetics, pp. 143-59.
Physical fitness and all-cause mortality.
Blair SN, Kohl HW, Paffenbarger RS, Clark DG, Cooper KH, Gibbons LW.
JAMA. 1989;262:2395-2401.
Physical Fitness and All-Cause Mortality: A Prospective Study of Healthy Men and Women, Blair et al., JAMA 1989;262:2395-2401.
[Abstract]
Physical activity, all-cause mortality, and longevity of college alumni.
Paffenbarger RS, Hyde RT, Wing AL, Hsieh C-C.
The New England Journal of Medicine, 1986;314:605-613.
[Abstract]
Physical fitness and changes in mortality: the survival of the fittest
Erikssen, G. (2001). Sports Medicine, 31: 571-6.
[Abstract]
Physical fitness as a predictor of mortality among healthy, middle-aged Norweigan men. Sandvik L, ErikssenJ, Thaulow E, Erikssen G, Mundal R, Rodhal K.
The New England Journal of Medicine, 1993;328:533-537.
The association of changes in physical-activity level and other lifestyle characteristics with mortality among men.
Paffenbarger RS, Hyde RT, Wing AL, Lee I, Jung DL, Kampert JB.
The New England Journal of Medicine, 1993;328: 538-545.
Physical Activity in Children and Adolescents
Arterial function in youth: window into cardiovascular risk
Fernhall, B. and Agiovlasitis, S. (2008). Journal of Applied Physiology, 105: 325-33.
Blood Pressure, Fitness, and Fatness in 5- and 6-Year-Old Children
Gutin et al., JAMA 1990;264:1123-1127.
[Abstract]
Efficacy of exercise for treating overweight in children and adolescents: a systematic review. Atlantis, E., Barnes, E.H. and Fiatarone Singh, M.A. (2006)
International Journal of Obesity, 30: 1027-40.
[Abstract]
Exercise training in obese children and adolescents: current concepts. Watts, K., Jones, T.W., Davis, E.A. and Green, D. (2005). Sports Medicine, 35: 375-92.
[Abstract]
Graded associations between cardiorespiratory fitness, fatness, and blood pressure in children and adolescents, L Klasson-Heggebø, L B Andersen, A H Wennlöf, L B Sardinha, M Harro, K Froberg, S A Anderssen
Br. J. Sports. Med. 2006;40:25-29.
How does exercise affect bone development during growth?
Vicente-Rodriguez, G. (2006). Sports Medicine, 36: 561-9.
[Abstract]
Interventions to prevent obesity in children and adolescents: a systematic literature review. Flodmark, C.E., Marcus, e. and Britton, M. (2006)
International Journal of Obesity, 30: 579-89.
Physical activity and bone development during childhood: insights from animal models. Forwood, M.R. (2008). Journal of Applied Physiology, 105: 334-41.
Physical activity, fitness and children. Rowland, T.W. (2007). In: Physical Activity and Health. C. Bouchard, S.N. Blair and W.L. Haskell (eds)
Champaign: Human Kinetics, pp. 259-70.
Physical fitness in childhood and adolescence: a powerful marker for health
Ortega, F.B., Ruiz, J.R., Castillo, M.J. and Sjostrom, M. (2008)
International Journal of Obesity, 32: 1-11.
[Abstract]
Sports participation and emotional well-being in adolescents
Steptoe A, Butler N. Lancet, 1996;347:1789-92.
[Abstract]
The global spread of type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents
Pinhas-Hamiel, O. and Zeitler, P. (2005)
Journal of Pediatrics, 146: 693-700.
[Abstract]
The prevention of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents: a review of intervention programmes
Doak, E.M., Visscher, T.L.S., Renders, e.M. and Seidell, J.e. (2006)
Obesity Reviews, 7: 111-36.
Physical Activity and Ageing
A history of physical activity, cardiovascular health and longevity: the scientific contributions of Jeremy N Morris, DSc, DPH, FRCP. Paffenbarger, R.S., Blait, S.N. and Lee, I.-M. International Journal of Epidemiology 30: 1184-92.
Activity in later life
Young, A. and Dinan, S. (2005)
British Medical Joumal, 330: 189-91.
[Abstract]
Ageing and older people. Skelton, D.A. and Dinan-Young, S.M. (2008)
In: Exercise Physiology in Special Populations. J. Buckley (ed.)
Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, Edinburgh: pp. 161-223.
American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand: exercise and physical activity for older adults. Mazzeo, R.S., Cavanagh, P., Evans, W.J., Fiatarone, M., Hagberg, J., McAuley, E. and Starrzell, J. (1998)
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30: 992-1008.
[Abstract]
Balance and strength changes in elderly subjects after heavy-resistance strength training.
Parsons D, Foster V, Harman F, Dickinson A, Westerlind K.
Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 1992;24 (suppl):S21.
[Abstract]
Changes in skeletal muscle with aging: effects of exercise training. Rogers MA, Evans WJ. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 1993;21:65-379.
[Abstract]
Effects of differing intensities and formats of 12 months of exercise training on psychological outcomes in older adults. King AC, Taylor CB, Haskell WL.
Health psychology, 1993;12:292-300.
[Abstract]
Effects of gender, age, and fitness levels on response of VO2max to training to 60-71 year olds. Kohrt WM, Malley MT, Coggan AR, et al.
Journal of Applied Physiology, 1991;71:2004-2011.
[Abstract]
Effects of High-Intensity Interval Walking Training on Physical Fitness and Blood Pressure in Middle-Aged and Older People, Ken-ichi Nemoto, MS; Hirokazu Gen-no, PhD; Shizue Masuki, PhD; Kazunobu Okazaki, PhD; Hiroshi Nose, MD, PhD
Mayo Clin Proc. 2007;82:803-811.
Exercise, mobility and aging. Daley, M.J. and Spinks, W.L. (2000)
Sports Medicine, 29: 1-12.
[Abstract]
Is skeletal muscle oxidative capacity decreased in old age?
Russ, D.W. and Kent-Braun, J.A. (2004). Sports Medicine, 34: 221-9.
[Abstract]
Neural and Nonneural Mechanisms for Sex Differences in Elderly Hypertension: Can Exercise Training Help? Qi Fu; Wanpen Vongpatanasin; Benjamin D. Levine, Hypertension 2008;52:787-794.
Physical activity, fitness, and ageing. DiPietro, L. (2007). In: Physical Activity and Health. C. Bouchard, S.N. Blair and W.L. Haskell (eds). Champaign: Human Kinetics, pp. 271-85.
Physical Activity Outcomes of CHAMPS II: A Physical Activity Promotion Program for Older Adults, Anita L. Stewart, Carol J. Verboncoeur, Barbara Y. McLellan, Dawn E. Gillis, Stephanie Rush, Kris M. Mills, Abby C. King, Philip Ritter, Byron W. Brown Jr. and Walter M. Bortz II
J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2001;56:M465-M470.
Rate and mechanism of maximal oxygen consumption decline with aging.
Hawkins, S.A. and Wiswell, R.A. (2003). Sports Medicine, 33: 877-88.
[Abstract]
Remaining Active in Later Life: The Role of Locus of Control in Seniors' Leisure Activity Participation, Health, and Life Satisfaction
Verena H. Menec, PhD; Judith G. Chipperfield, PhD
J Aging Health 1997;9:105-125.
[Abstract]
The functional effects of physical exercise training in frail older people: a systematic review. Chin A Paw, M.J.M., van Uffelen, J.G.Z., Riphagen, I. and van Mechelen, W. (2008). Sports Medicine, Volume 38 - Issue 9 - pp 781-793
[Abstract]
Physical Activity and Bone Health
Bone health across the lifespan: exercising our options. Beck, B. and Snow, C.M. (2003). Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 31: 117-22.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [Full Text PDF]
Exercise, bone mineral density, and osteoporosis. Snow-Harter C, Marcus R.
Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 1991;19:351-388.
[Abstract]
Non-pharmacological means to prevent fractures among older adults
Kannus, P., Uusi-Rasi, K., Palvanen, M. and Parkkari, J. (2005)
Annals of Medicine, 37: 303-10.
[Abstract]
Osteoporosis and exercise in women., Marcus R, Drinkwater B, Dalsky G, et al.
Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 1992;24 (suppl):S301-S307.
[Abstract]
Physical Activity and Bone Health
Khan, K., McKay, H., Kannus, R, Bailey, D., Wark, J. and Bennell, K. (2001)
Champaign: Human Kinetics, 2001, ISBN-13: 9780880119689
[Abstract]
Physical activity and bone health: ACSM position stand
Kohn, W.M., Bloomfield, SA, Little, K.D., Nelson, M.E. and Yingling, V.R. (2004)
Systematic review of randomized trials of the effect of exercise on bone mass in pre- and postmenopausal women. Wallace, B.A. and Cumming, R.G. (2000)
Calcified Tissue International, 67: 10-18.
[Abstract]
Weight-bearing exercise training and lumbar bone mineral content in postmenopausal women. Dalsky GP, Stoke KS, Ehsani AA, Slatopolsky E, Lee WC, Birge SJ., Annals of Internal Medicine, 1988;108:824-828.
[Abstract]
Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Disease
A meta-analysis of physical activity in the prevention of coronary heart disease
Berlin, J.A. and Coldirz, G.H. (1990). American Journal of Epidemiology 132: 612-28.
[Abstract]
Cardiorespiratory Fitness and the Risk for Stroke in Men, Sudhir Kurl, MD; Jari A. Laukkanen, MD; Rainer Rauramaa, MD, PhD, MSc; Timo A. Lakka, MD, PhD; Juhani Sivenius, MD, PhD; Jukka T. Salonen, MD, PhD, MScPH
Arch Intern Med 2003;163:1682-1688.
Cardiorespiratory Fitness as a Predictor of Fatal and Nonfatal Stroke in Asymptomatic Women and Men, Steven P. Hooker, PhD; Xuemei Sui, MD; Natalie Colabianchi, PhD; John Vena, PhD; James Laditka, PhD; Michael J. LaMonte, PhD Steven N. Blair, PED, Stroke 2008;39:2950-2957.
Cardiorespiratory fitness attenuates the effects of the metabolic syndrome on all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in men, Katzmarzyk PT, Church TS, Blair SN., Archives of Internal Medicine, 2004 May 24;164(10):1092-7
Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Young Adulthood and the Development of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors, Mercedes R. Carnethon, PhD; Samuel S. Gidding, MD; Rodrigo Nehgme, MD; Stephen Sidney, MD, MPH; David R. Jacobs, Jr, PhD; Kiang Liu, PhD, JAMA 2003;290:3092-3100.
Cardiorespiratory Fitness Is an Independent Predictor of Hypertension Incidence among Initially Normotensive Healthy Women, Carolyn E. Barlow, Michael J. LaMonte, Shannon J. FitzGerald, James B. Kampert, Joe L. Perrin and Steven N. Blair, Am J Epidemiol 2006;163:142-150.
Changes in Blood Rheology Produced by Exercise, E. Ernst, MD
JAMA 1985;253:2962-2963.
[Abstract]
Comparison of cardioprotective benefits of vigorous versus moderate intensity aerobic exercise Swain, D.P. and Franklin, B.A. (2006)
American Journal of Cardiology, 97: 141-7.
[Abstract]
Coronary Heart Disease Statistics 2007. Allender, S., Peto, Y., Scarborough, P., Boxer, A. and Rayner, M. British Heart Foundation
Daily Life Activity and the Risk of Developing Hypertension in Middle-aged Japanese Men, Noriyuki Nakanishi, MD, DrPH; Kenji Suzuki, ScD
Arch Intern Med 2005;165:214-220.
Effects of Exercise Training Amount and Intensity on Peak Oxygen Consumption in Middle-Age Men and Women at Risk for Cardiovascular Disease, Brian D. Duscha, MS, Cris A. Slentz, PhD, Johanna L. Johnson, MS, Joseph A. Houmard, PhD, Daniel R. Bensimhon, MD, Kenneth J. Knetzger, MS and William E. Kraus, MD, Chest 2005;128:2788-2793.
Effect of exercise training in 60-69 year old persons with essential hypertension. Hagberg JM, Montain S J, Martin WH, et al.
American Journal of Cardiology, 1989;64:348-353.
[Abstract]
Exercise and hypertension: American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand. Pescatello, L.S., Franklin, B.A., Fagard, R., Farquhar, W.B., Kelley, G.A. and Ray, C.A. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 36: 533-53.
[Abstract]
Exercise and Physical Activity in the Prevention and Treatment of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: A Statement From the Council on Clinical Cardiology (Subcommittee on Exercise, Rehabilitation, and Prevention) and the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism (Subcommittee on Physical Activity)
Paul D. Thompson, MD; David Buchner, MD; Ileana L. Piña, MD; Gary J. Balady, MD; Mark A. Williams, PhD; Bess H. Marcus, PhD; Kathy Berra, MSN, ANP; Steven N. Blair, PED; Fernando Costa, MD; Barry Franklin, PhD; Gerald F. Fletcher, MD; Neil F. Gordon, MD, PhD; Russell R. Pate, PhD; Beatriz L. Rodriguez, MD, PhD; Antronette K. Yancey, MD; Nanette K. Wenger, MD
Circulation, 2003;107:3109-3116
Exercise as Cardiovascular Therapy, Roy J. Shephard, MD, PhD, DPE; Gary J. Balady, MD, Circulation 1999;99:963-972.
Exercise, fitness, and hypertension, Hagberg JM. In: Exercise, Fitness, and Health.Bouchard C, Shephard RJ, Stephens T, Sutton JR, McPherson BD, eds.
Human Kinetics Publishers; Champaign, Ill: 1990:455-566.
Exercise in Cardiovascular Disease, Dubbert et al.
Behav Modif 1987;11:329-347.
[Abstract]
Exercise in leisure time: coronary attack and death rates.
Morris JN, Clayton DG, Everitt MG, Semmence AM, Burgess EH.
British Heart Journal, 1990;63:325-334.
Exercise Standards for Testing and Training: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association, Gerald F. Fletcher, MD, Chair; Gary J. Balady, MD, Vice Chair; Ezra A. Amsterdam, MD; Bernard Chaitman, MD; Robert Eckel, MD; Jerome Fleg, MD; Victor F. Froelicher, MD; Arthur S. Leon, MD; Ileana L. Piña, MD; Roxanne Rodney, MD; Denise A. Simons-Morton, MD, PhD; Mark A. Williams, PhD; Terry Bazzarre, PhD
Circulation 2001;104:1694-1740.
Exercise training and hypertension: an update. Tipton CM.
Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 1991;19:447-505.
[Abstract]
Exercise training in coronary artery disease and coronary vasomotion
Gielen, S., Schuler, G. and Hambrecht, R. (2001). Circulation 103: EI-6.
Exercise training for claudication. Stewart, K.J., Hiatt, W.R., Regensteiner, J.G. and Hirsch, A.T. (2002). New England Journal of Medicine, 347: 1941-51.
[Abstract]
Influence of Physical Activity on Mortality in Elderly with Coronary Artery Disease. JANSSEN, IAN; JOLLIFFE, COURTNEY J. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise: March 2006 - Volume 38 - Issue 3 - pp 418-417
[Abstract]
Failure of Exercise to Reduce Blood Pressure in Patients With Mild Hypertension: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial, Blumenthal et al.
JAMA 1991;266:2098-2104.
[Abstract]
Heart Rate Recovery Following Maximal Exercise Testing as a Predictor of Cardiovascular Disease and All-Cause Mortality in Men With Diabetes
Yiling J. Cheng, MD, PHD, Michael S. Lauer, MD, Conrad P. Earnest, PHD, Timothy S. Church, MD, MPH, PHD, James B. Kampert, PHD, Larry W. Gibbons, MD, MPH and Steven N. Blair, PED
Diabetes Care 2003;26:2052-2057.
Heart Rate as a Predictor of Mortality: The MATISS Project, Fulvia Seccareccia, MSc, Fabio Pannozzo, MD, Francesco Dima, Anna Minoprio, MSc, Antonio Menditto, MD, Cinzia Lo Noce and Simona Giampaoli, MD, AJPH 2001;91:1258-1263.
Ischemia-reperfusion-induced cardiac injury: a brief review
Powers, S.K., Murlasits, Z., Wu, M. and Kavazis, A.N. (2007)
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 39: 1529-36.
[Abstract]
Leisure-time physical activity levels and risk of coronary heart disease and death: the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention trial.
Leon AS, Connett J, Jacobs DR Jr, Rauramaa R. JAMA, 1987;258:2388-2395.
Lifestyle Interventions Reduce Coronary Heart Disease Risk: Results From the PREMIER Trial, Nisa M. Maruthur, MD, MHS; Nae-Yuh Wang, PhD; Lawrence J. Appel, MD, MPH Circulation 2009;119:2026-2031.
National High Blood Pressure Education Program. Working Group Report on Primary Prevention of Hypertension, Arch Intern Med 1993;153:186-208.
[Abstract]
Non-Drug Treatment of Hypertension, KAPLAN
Ann Intern Med, 1985;102:359-373.
[Abstract]
Physical activity and incidence of hypertension in college alumni.
Paffenbarger RS. Wing AL, Hyde RT, Jung DL.
American Journal of Epidemiology, 1983;117:245-257.
[Abstract]
Physical activity and the incidence of coronary heart disease.
Powell KE, Thompson PD, Caspersen CJ, Ford ES.
Annual Review of Public Health, 1987;8:253-287.
[Abstract]
Physical activity, fibrinolysis, and platelet aggregability.
Rauramaa R, Salonen JT. In: Physical Activity, Fitness, and Health.
Bouchard C, Shephard R J, Stephens T, eds.
Human Kinetics Publishers; Champaign, Ill:1994:471-479.
Physical activity, fitness, and atherosclerosis, Moore S. In: Physical Activity, Fitness, and Health. Bouchard C, Shephard R J, Stephens T,
Human Kinetics Publishers; Champaign, Ill: 1994:570-578.
[Abstract]
Physical activity in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: an epidemiological perspective. Wannamethee, G.S. and Shaper, A.G. (2001)
Sports Medicine, 31: 101-14.
[Abstract]
Physical Activity in Young Adults and Incident Hypertension Over 15 Years of Follow-Up: The CARDIA Study, Emily D. Parker, MPH, Kathryn H. Schmitz, PhD, MPH, David R. Jacobs, Jr, PhD, Donald R. Dengel, PhD and Pamela J. Schreiner, PhD, AJPH 2007;97:703-709.
Physical fitness and incidence of hypertension in healthy normotensive men and women. Blair SN, Goodyear NN, Gibbons LW, Cooper KH.
JAMA, 1984;252:487-490.
[Abstract]
Physical fitness as a predictor of cardiovascular mortality in asymptomatic North American men. The Lipid Research Clinics Mortality Follow-up Study.
Ekelund LG, Haskell WL, Johnson JL, Whaley FS, Criqui MH, Sheps DS.
The New England Journal of Medicine, 1988; 319:1379-1384.
[Abstract]
Position stand on the recommended quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness in healthy adults. This pronouncement was written for the American College of Sports Medicine by: Michael L. Pollock, Ph.D., FACSM (Chairperson), Glenn A. Gaesser, Ph.D., FACSM (Co-chairperson), Janus D. Butcher, M.D., FACSM, Jean-Pierre Després, Ph.D., Rod K. Dishman, Ph.D., FACSM, Barry A. Franklin, Ph.D., FACSM, and Carol Ewing Garber, Ph.D., FACSM., American College of Sports Medicine.
Position stand: physical activity, physical fitness, and hypertension.
American College of Sports Medicine.
Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 1994 Oct;26(10):1295-6.
[Abstract]
Public health focus: physical activity and the prevention of coronary heart disease. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 1993;42:669-672.
[Abstract]
Quantifying the association between habitual energy expenditure and blood pressure. Nicholas J Wareham, Man-Yu Wong, Susie Hennings, Joanne Mitchell, Kirsten Rennie, Kennedy Cruickshank and Nicholas E Day.
Int J Epidemiol 2000;29:655-660.
Relationships of Heart Disease Risk Factors to Exercise Quantity and Intensity
Paul T. Williams, PhD, Arch Intern Med 1998;158:237-245.
Relationship of Physical Activity and Body Mass Index to the Risk of Hypertension: A Prospective Study in Finland, Gang Hu; Noël C. Barengo; Jaakko Tuomilehto; Timo A. Lakka; Aulikki Nissinen; Pekka Jousilahti
Hypertension 2004;43:25-30.
Relationship of Running Intensity to Hypertension, Hypercholesterolemia, and Diabetes. Paul T. Williams, Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 2008;40(10):1740-1748
Splitting the distance of endurance running: on cardiovascular endurance and blood lipids. Ebisu T., Japan Journal of Physical Education, 1985;30:37-43.
The Association between Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Impaired Fasting Glucose and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Men. Ming Wei, MD; Larry W. Gibbons, MD; Tedd L. Mitchell, MD; James B. Kampert, PhD; Chong D. Lee, EdD; and Steven N. Blair, PED Ann Intern Med, 1999;130:89-96.
The Sixth Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure
Arch Intern Med 1997;157:2413-2446.
[Abstract]
The effects of aerobic exercise on plasma catecholamines and blood pressure in patients with mild essential hypertension. Duncan JJ, Farr JE, Upton SJ, Hagan RD, Oglesby ME, Blair SN. JAMA, 1985;254:2609-2613.
[Abstract]
Waging war on physical inactivity: using modern molecular ammunition against an ancient enemy. Booth, F.W., Chakravarthy, M.V., Gordon, S.E. and Spangenburg, E.E. (2002). Journal of Applied Physiology 93: 3-30.
Walking Performance and Cardiovascular Response: Associations With Age and Morbidity--The Health, Aging and Body Composition Study
Anne B. Newman, Catherine L. Haggerty, Stephen B. Kritchevsky, Michael C. Nevitt, Eleanor M. Simonsick
J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2003;58:M715-M720.
Physical Activity and Chronic Diseases
Effects of exercise and diet on chronic disease. Roberts, C.K. and Barnard, R.J. (2005). Journal of Applied Physiology 98: 3-30.
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Physical activity as a mediator of the impact of chronic conditions on quality of life in older adults, Richard Sawatzky, Teresa Liu-Ambrose, William C Miller, and Carlo A Marra, Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 2007; 5: 68.
Physical Activity and Diabetes
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Dr Foster's case notes: obesity and type 2 diabetes in children, 1996-7 to 2003-4
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[Abstract]
Epidemiological evidence for the role of physical activity in reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease
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Exercise as a therapeutic intervention for the prevention and treatment of insulin resistance. Hawley, J.A. (2004). Diabetes Metabolism Research and Reviews 20: 383-93.
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Exercise Reverses Peripheral Insulin Resistance in Trained L-NAME-Hypertensive Rats, Kátia De Angelis Lobo d'Avila; Giovani Gadonski; Jiao Fang; Pedro Dall'Ago; Vera Lúcia Albuquerque; Livia Rodrigues de Araújo Peixoto; Tânia Gatelli Fernandes; Maria Cláudia Irigoyen
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Exercise-induced increase in muscle insulin sensitivity. Holloszy, J.O. (2005)
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Mitochondrial dysfunction and type 2 diabetes. Lowell, B.B. and Shulman, G.!. (2005). Science, 307: 384-7.
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Optimizing the therapeutic benefits of exercise in type 2 diabetes. Praet, S.F.E. and van Loon, L.J.C. (2007). Journal of Applied Physiology, 103: 1113-20.
Physical activity and diabetes prevention. LaMonte, M.J., Blair, S.N. and Church, T.S. (2005). Journal of Applied Physiology, 99: 1205-13.
Physical activity and incidence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in women. Manson JE, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, et al.
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Physical activity and prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus
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Physical activity and reduced occurrence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Helmrich SP, Ragland DR, Leung RW, Paffenbarger RS.
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Physical activity, fitness and cardiovascular disease risk in adults: interactions with insulin resistance and obesity . Gill, J.M.R. and Malkova, D. (2006)
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Physical training and insulin sensitivity.
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[Abstract]
The insulin-like effect of muscle contraction. Ivy JL.
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Type 2 diabetes: a matter of β–cell life and death?
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Physical Activity and the Metabolic Syndrome
Effects of exercise training on abdominal obesity and related metabolic complications. Buemann, B. and Tremblay, A. (1996).
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Exercise and the metabolic syndrome. Eriksson, J., Taimela, S. and Koivisto, V.A. (1997). Diabetologia, 40: 125-35.
Physical activity, fitness and cardiovascular disease risk in adults: interactions with insulin resistance and obesity. Gill, J.M.R. and Malkova, D. (2006)
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Physical activity or fitness and the metabolic syndrome. Ford, E.S. and Li, C. (2006). Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy, 4: 897-915.
[Abstract]
The metabolic syndrome. Eckel, R.H., Grundy, S.M. and Zimmet, P.Z. (2005)
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Physical Activity and Obesity
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ABC of obesity: management: part 1 - behaviour change, diet, and activity
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Active healthy living: prevention of childhood obesity through increased physical activity. Council on Sports Medicine and Fitness and Council on School Health (2006). PEDIATRICS, Vol. 117 No. 5 May 2006, pp. 1834-1842
Appropriate physical activity intervention strategies for weight loss and prevention of weight regain in adults. Donnelly,J.E., Blair, S.N., Jakicic, J.M., Manore, M.M., Rankin, J.W. and Smith, B.K. (2009.
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Childhood obesity: the shape of things to come. Ludwig, D.S. (2007)
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Commentary: current perspectives on obesity and health: black and white, or shades of grey? Blait, S.N. and LaMonte, M.J. (2006)
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Commentary: understanding the epidemiology of overweight and obesity: a real global public health concern. Kim, S. and Popkin, B.M. (2006)
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Exercise as an adjunct to weight loss and maintenance in moderately obese subjects., Pavlou K, Krey S, Steffee WP.
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Non-exercise activity thermogenesis: the crouching tiger hidden dragon of societal weight gain. Levine, J.A., Vander Weg, M.W., Hill, J.O. and Kiesges, R.C. (2006). Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 26: 729-36.
Obesity and hypertension: two epidemics or one?, Kevin P. Davy and John E. Hall, Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2004;286:R803-R813.
Obesity and the environment: where do we go from here? Hill, J.O., Wyan, H.R., Reed, G.W. and Peters, J.C. (2003). Science 299: 853-5.
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Physical activity and obesity prevention: a review of the current evidence.
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Physical activity, fitness, and obesity. Ross, R. and Janssen, I. (2007). in Physical Activity and Health. Bouchard, e., Blair, S.N. and Haskell, W.L. (eds)
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The effects on plasma lipoproteins of prudent weight-reducing diet, with or without exercise, in overweight men and women.
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The epidemiology of overweight and obesity: public health crisis or moral panic? Campos, P., Saguy, A., Ernsbetger, P., Oliver, E. and Gaesser, G. (2006)
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Physical Activity and anxiety, depression and other mood disorders
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Exercise and depression in midlife: a prospective study
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Influence of regular aerobic exercise on psychological health.
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The effects of exercise on depression, anxiety and other mood states: a review.
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The relationship of physical activity and exercise to mental health.
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Physical activity, fitness and other health conditions
Physical activity, fitness, and infection. Nieman DC. In: Physical Activity, Fitness, and Health., Bouchard C, Shephard R J, Stephens T, eds.
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Running and Its Effect on Family Life, Daniel S. Fick, MD; Stephen J. Goff, PhD; Robert Oppliger, PhD, Arch Fam Med 1996;5:385-388.
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The influence of exercise training on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in health and disease. Haskell WL.
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[Abstract]
The effects of moderate exercise training on immune response.
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