Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
Description
Vitamin C or ascorbic acid is a water soluble vitamin. The name “ascorbic acid” derives from the word “scorbut” or scurvy. Lemon juice has been known to have preventive effects against scurvy since approximately two centuries. We now know that this effect is due to its high level of vitamin C, which has therefore also been called “ascorbic acid”. There are various forms of vitamin C, the most common being L-ascorbic acid and L-dehydroascorbic acid.
Function
Vitamin C is a cofactor for various enzyme systems and is required for various functions such as collagen, bone and teeth formation, for maintaining the integrity of capillary vessels and for hormone synthesis.
Vitamin C also has powerful antioxidant properties and it increases the intestinal absorption of iron.
Deficiency
Deficiency, also known as scurvy, in rare in western countries but may occasionally seen in malnourished alcoholic patients. Signs and symptoms of scurvy include, blood vessels fragility and bleeding, petechiae (pinpoint intradermal bleeding), skin ecchymoses, swelling and bleeding of the gums.
Sources
Fruits: guava, blackcurrant, strawberries, kiwi, cantaloupe, grapefruit, mango
Vegetables: red and green peppers, Brussels sprouts, kale, cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower
Toxicity
It is considered to be one of the safest vitamins although doses of more than 1g per day have been associated with gastric discomfort and diarrhoea.
High doses are not recommended if you suffer from renal stones or haemochromatosis. Vitamin C may also alter results of tests for diabetes, colon cancer and haemoglobin.
Ascorbic acid may interfere with some drugs and you should seek advice from your health care provider before taking high doses of vitamin C if you are under any drug treatment.
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Scientific References
Books
A history of scurvy and vitamin C. Sauberlich, HE. In Packer, L. and Fuchs, J, eds. Vitamin C in health and disease. New York: Marcel Decker Inc. 1997: pages 1-24.
Antiviral and immunomodulatory activities of ascorbic acid. Jariwalla RJ, Harakeh S. In: Harris Ascorbic Acid: Biochemistry and Biomedical Cell Biology. JR (ed). Subcellular Biochemistry. Vol. 25. New York: Plenum Press; 1996:215-231.
Differentiated cells and the maintenance of tissues. In: Alberts B, Bray D, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Watson JD, eds. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 3rd ed. New York: Garland Publishing, Inc.; 1994:1139-1193.
Mechanisms underlying the action of vitamin C in viral and immunodeficiency disease. Jariwalla RJ, Harakeh S. In: Packer L, Fuchs J, eds. Vitamin C in Health and Disease. New York: Macel Dekker, Inc.; 1997:309-322.
PDR for Nutritional Supplements. Hendler SS, Rorvik DR, eds. Montvale: Medical Economics Company, Inc; 2001.
The immune system. How to Live Longer and Feel Better. Pauling L. 20th Anniversary ed. Corvallis: Oregon State University Press; 2006:105-111.
Vitamin C. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Washington D.C.: National Academy Press; 2000:95-185. (National Academy Press)
Vitamin C and the Common Cold. Pauling LC. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman; 1970.
Scientific Articles
Toward a new recommended dietary allowance for vitamin C based on antioxidant and health effects in humans. Carr AC, Frei B. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69(6):1086-1107.
[Abstract]
Serum ascorbic acid and gallbladder disease prevalence among US adults: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). Simon JA, Hudes ES. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160(7):931-936.
[Abstract]
Faster plasma vitamin E disappearance in smokers is normalized by vitamin C supplementation. Bruno RS, Leonard SW, Atkinson J, et al. Free Radic Biol Med. 2006; 40(4):689-697.
[Abstract]
Scurvy identified in the emergency department: a case report. Stephen R, Utecht T. J Emerg Med. 2001;21(3):235-237.
[Abstract]
An orange a day keeps the doctor away: scurvy in the year 2000. Weinstein M, Babyn P, Zlotkin S. Pediatrics. 2001;108(3):E55.
[Abstract]
Antioxidant vitamins intake and the risk of coronary heart disease: meta-analysis of cohort studies. Ye Z, Song H. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2008;15(1):26-34.
[Abstract]
Vitamin E and vitamin C supplement use and risk of all-cause and coronary heart disease mortality in older persons: the Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly. Losonczy KG, Harris TB, Havlik RJ. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996;64(2):190-196.
[Abstract]
Dietary antioxidant vitamins and death from coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. Kushi LH, Folsom AR, Prineas RJ, Mink PJ, Wu Y, Bostick RM. N Engl J Med. 1996;334(18):1156-1162.
[Abstract]
Vitamin supplement use in a low-risk population of US male physicians and subsequent cardiovascular mortality. Muntwyler J, Hennekens CH, Manson JE, Buring JE, Gaziano JM. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162(13):1472-1476.
[Abstract]
Vitamin C intake and mortality among a sample of the United States population. Enstrom JE, Kanim LE, Klein MA. Epidemiology. 1992;3(3):194-202.
[Abstract]
Counterpoint--vitamin C and mortality. Enstrom JE. Nutr Today. 1993;28:28-32.
Vitamin C and risk of coronary heart disease in women. Osganian SK, Stampfer MJ, Rimm E, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42(2):246-252.
[Abstract]
Antioxidant vitamins and coronary heart disease risk: a pooled analysis of 9 cohorts. Knekt P, Ritz J, Pereira MA, et al. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80(6):1508-1520.
[Abstract]
Vitamins E and C in the prevention of cardiovascular disease in men: the Physicians' Health Study II randomized controlled trial. Sesso HD, Buring JE, Christen WG, et al. JAMA. 2008;300(18):2123-2133.
[Abstract]
Vitamins E and C in the prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer in men. Roberts LJ, 2nd, Traber MG, Frei B. Free Radic Biol Med. 2009;46(11):1558.
[Abstract]
A new recommended dietary allowance of vitamin C for healthy young women. Levine M, Wang Y, Padayatty SJ, Morrow J. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001;98(17):9842-9846.
[Abstract]
To C or not to C, that is the question! Frei B. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42(2):253-255.
Serum vitamin C concentration was inversely associated with subsequent 20-year incidence of stroke in a Japanese rural community. Yokoyama T, Date C, Kokubo Y, Yoshiike N, Matsumura Y, Tanaka H. The Shibata study. Stroke. 2000;31(10):2287-2294.
[Abstract]
Plasma vitamin C concentrations predict risk of incident stroke over 10 y in 20 649 participants of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer Norfolk prospective population study. Myint PK, Luben RN, Welch AA, Bingham SA, Wareham NJ, Khaw KT. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;87(1):64-69.
[Abstract]
Vegetables, fruit, and cancer prevention: a review. Steinmetz KA, Potter JD. J Am Diet Assoc. 1996;96(10):1027-1039.
[Abstract]
Eating a Variety of Fruits & Vegetables Every Day.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Essential micronutrients in relation to carcinogenesis. Kromhout D. Am J Clin Nutr. 1987;45(5 Suppl):1361-1367.
Intakes of vitamins A, C and E and folate and multivitamins and lung cancer: a pooled analysis of 8 prospective studies. Cho E, Hunter DJ, Spiegelman D, et al. Int J Cancer. 2006;118(4):970-978.
[Abstract]
Dietary carotenoids and vitamins A, C, and E and risk of breast cancer. Zhang S, Hunter DJ, Forman MR, et al. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999;91(6):547-556.
[Abstract]
Dietary antioxidant vitamins, retinol, and breast cancer incidence in a cohort of Swedish women. Michels KB, Holmberg L, Bergkvist L, Ljung H, Bruce A, Wolk A. Int J Cancer. 2001;91(4):563-567.
[Abstract]
Diet and the risk of gastric cancer: review of epidemiological evidence. Tsugane S, Sasazuki S. Gastric Cancer. 2007;10(2):75-83.
[Abstract]
Nutrition and gastric cancer risk: an update. Liu C, Russell RM. Nutr Rev. 2008;66(5):237-249.
[Abstract]
Does vitamin C intake slow the progression of gastric cancer in Helicobacter pylori-infected populations? Feiz HR, Mobarhan S. Nutr Rev. 2002;60(1):34-36.
[Abstract]
Adjuvant effect of vitamin C on omeprazole-amoxicillin-clarithromycin triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Chuang CH, Sheu BS, Kao AW, et al. Hepatogastroenterology. 2007;54(73):320-324.
[Abstract]
Vitamins E and C in the prevention of prostate and total cancer in men: the Physicians' Health Study II randomized controlled trial. Gaziano JM, Glynn RJ, Christen WG, et al. JAMA. 2009;301(1):52-62.
[Abstract]
The potential preventive effects of vitamins for cataract and age-related macular degeneration. Jacques PF. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1999;69(3):198-205.
[Abstract]
Long-term nutrient intake and early age-related nuclear lens opacities. Jacques PF, Chylack LT, Jr., Hankinson SE, et al. Arch Ophthalmol. 2001;119(7):1009-1019.
[Abstract]
Prospective study showing that dietary vitamin C reduced the risk of age-related cataracts in a middle-aged Japanese population. Yoshida M, Takashima Y, Inoue M, et al. Eur J Nutr. 2007;46(2):118-124.
[Abstract]
Serum ascorbic acid and other correlates of self-reported cataract among older Americans. Simon JA, Hudes ES. J Clin Epidemiol. 1999;52(12):1207-1211.
[Abstract]
Blood levels of vitamin C, carotenoids and retinol are inversely associated with cataract in a North Indian population. Dherani M, Murthy GV, Gupta SK, et al. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2008;49(8):3328-3335.
[Abstract]
A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E and beta carotene for age-related cataract and vision loss: AREDS report no. 9. Arch Ophthalmol. 2001;119(10):1439-1452.
[Abstract]
Epidemiology, risk factors, and lifestyle modifications for gout. Saag KG, Choi H. Arthritis Res Ther. 2006;8 Suppl 1:S2.
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Gout: epidemiology and lifestyle choices. Choi HK, Curhan G. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2005;17(3):341-345.
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Vitamin C intake and serum uric acid concentration in men. Gao X, Curhan G, Forman JP, Ascherio A, Choi HK. J Rheumatol. 2008;35(9):1853-1858.
[Abstract]
Vitamin C intake and the risk of gout in men: a prospective study. Choi HK, Gao X, Curhan G. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169(5):502-507.
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The effects of vitamin C supplementation on serum concentrations of uric acid: results of a randomized controlled trial. Huang HY, Appel LJ, Choi MJ, et al. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52(6):1843-1847.
[Abstract]
Relation of nutrition to bone lead and blood lead levels in middle-aged to elderly men. Cheng Y, Willett WC, Schwartz J, Sparrow D, Weiss S, Hu H. The Normative Aging Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1998;147(12):1162-1174.
[Abstract]
Relationship of ascorbic acid to blood lead levels. Simon JA, Hudes ES. JAMA. 1999;281(24):2289-2293.
[Abstract]
Graded associations of blood lead and urinary cadmium concentrations with oxidative-stress-related markers in the U.S. population: results from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Lee DH, Lim JS, Song K, Boo Y, Jacobs DR, Jr. Environ Health Perspect. 2006;114(3):350-354.
[Abstract]
The effect of ascorbic acid supplementation on the blood lead levels of smokers. Dawson EB, Evans DR, Harris WA, Teter MC, McGanity WJJ. Am Coll Nutr. 1999;18(2):166-170.
[Abstract]
The effect of ascorbic acid supplementation on some parameters of the human immunological defence system. Prinz W, Bortz R, Bregin B, Hersch M. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1977;47(3):248-257.
[Abstract]
Relationships between ascorbic acid and serum proteins of the immune system. Vallance S. Br Med J. 1977;2(6084):437-438.
[Abstract]
Effect of vitamin C supplements on cell-mediated immunity in old people. Kennes B, Dumont I, Brohee D, Hubert C, Neve P. Gerontology. 1983;29(5):305-310.
[Abstract]
Modulation of certain immunologic responses by vitamin C. III. Potentiation of in vitro and in vivo lymphocyte responses. Panush RS, Delafuente JC, Katz P, Johnson J. Int J Vitam Nutr Res Suppl. 1982;23:35-47.
[Abstract]
Vitamin C for the treatment of recurrent furunculosis in patients with imparied neutrophil functions. Levy R, Shriker O, Porath A, Riesenberg K, Schlaeffer F. J Infect Dis. 1996;173(6):1502-1505.
[Abstract]
The effects of increasing weekly doses of ascorbate on certain cellular and humoral immune functions in normal volunteers. Anderson R, Oosthuizen R, Maritz R, Theron A, Van Rensburg AJ. Am J Clin Nutr. 1980;33(1):71-76.
[Abstract]
The immunostimulatory, antiinflammatory and anti-allergic properties of ascorbate. Anderson R. Adv Nutr Res. 1984;6:19-45.
[Abstract]
A systematic study of the effect of vitamin C supplementation on the humoral immune response in ascorbate-dependent mammals. I. The antibody response to sheep red blood cells (a T-dependent antigen) in guinea pigs. Prinz W, Bloch J, Gilich G, Mitchell G. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1980;50(3):294-300.
[Abstract]
Enhancement of antibody production and protection against systemic anaphylaxis by large doses of vitamin C. Feigen GA, Smith BH, Dix CE, et al. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol. 1982;38(2):313-333.
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Complement component C1q activity and ascorbic acid nutriture in guinea pigs. Haskell BE, Johnston CS. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991;54(6 Suppl):1228S-1230S.
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Effect of ascorbic acid nutriture on protein-bound hydroxyproline in guinea pig plasma. Johnston CS, Cartee GD, Haskell BE. J Nutr. 1985;115(8):1089-1093.
[Abstract]
The effect of vitamin C nutriture on complement component C1q concentrations in guinea pig plasma. Johnston CS, Kolb WP, Haskell BE. J Nutr. 1987;117(4):764-768.
[Abstract]
Effect of mega doses of vitamin C on bactericidal ativity of leukocytes. Shilotri PG, Bhat KS. Am J Clin Nutr. 1977;30(7):1077-1081.
[Abstract]
The effects of megadoses of ascorbic acid on PMN chemotaxis and experimental gingivitis. Vogel RI, Lamster IB, Wechsler SA, Macedo B, Hartley LJ, Macedo JA. J Periodontol. 1986;57(8):472-479.
[Abstract]
The effect of large doses of vitamin C on leukocyte function and some laboratory parameters. Ludvigsson J, Hansson LO, Stendahl O. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1979;49(2):160-165.
[Abstract]
Immunologic modulation by vitamin C in the elderly. Int J Immunopharmacol. Delafuente JC, Prendergast JM, Modigh A. 1986;8(2):205-211.
[Abstract]
Millimolar concentrations of ascorbic acid in purified human mononuclear leukocytes. Depletion and reaccumulation. Bergsten P, Amitai G, Kehrl J, Dhariwal KR, Klein HG, Levine M. J Biol Chem. 1990;265(5):2584-2587.
[Abstract]
The distribution of ascorbic acid between various cellular components of blood, in normal individuals, and its relation to the plasma concentration. Evans RM, Currie L, Campbell A. Br J Nutr. 1982;47(3):473-482.
[Abstract]
The effect of ascorbic acid on production of human interferon and the antiviral activity in vitro. Dahl H, Degre M. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand B. 1976;84B(5):280-284.
[Abstract]
Endothelial function: a barometer for cardiovascular risk? Vita JA, Keaney JF, Jr. Circulation. 2002;106(6):640-642.
[Abstract]
Long-term ascorbic acid administration reverses endothelial vasomotor dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease. Gokce N, Keaney JF, Jr., Frei B, et al. Circulation. 1999;99(25):3234-3240.
[Abstract]
Endothelium-dependent contractions and endothelial dysfunction in human hypertension. Versari D, Daghini E, Virdis A, Ghiadoni L, Taddei S. Br J Pharmacol. 2009;157(4):527-536.
[Abstract]
Role of marginal vitamin C deficiency in atherogenesis: in vivo models and clinical studies. Frikke-Schmidt H, Lykkesfeldt J. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2009;104(6):419-433.
[Abstract]
Vitamin C and blood pressure--an overview. Ness AR, Chee D, Elliott P. J Hum Hypertens. 1997;11(6):343-350.
[Abstract]
The combination of vitamin C and grape-seed polyphenols increases blood pressure: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ward NC, Hodgson JM, Croft KD, Burke V, Beilin LJ, Puddey IB. J Hypertens. 2005;23(2):427-434.
[Abstract]
Treatment of hypertension with ascorbic acid. Duffy SJ, Gokce N, Holbrook M, et al. Lancet. 1999;354(9195):2048-2049.
[Abstract]
Supplemental ascorbate in the supportive treatment of cancer: Prolongation of survival times in terminal human cancer. Cameron E, Pauling L. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1976;73(10):3685-3689.
Failure of high-dose vitamin C (ascorbic acid) therapy to benefit patients with advanced cancer. Creagan ET, Moertel CG, O'Fallon JR, et al. N Engl J Med. 1979;301(13):687-690.
[Abstract]
High-dose vitamin C versus placebo in the treatment of patients with advanced cancer who have had no prior chemotherapy. A randomized double-blind comparison. Moertel CG, Fleming TR, Creagan ET, Rubin J, O'Connell MJ, Ames MM. N Engl J Med. 1985;312(3):137-141.
[Abstract]
Vitamin C pharmacokinetics: implications for oral and intravenous use. Padayatty SJ, Sun H, Wang Y, et al. Ann Intern Med. 2004;140(7):533-537.
[Abstract]
Pharmacologic ascorbic acid concentrations selectively kill cancer cells: action as a pro-drug to deliver hydrogen peroxide to tissues. Chen Q, Espey MG, Krishna MC, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005;102(38):13604-13609.
[Abstract]
Ascorbate in pharmacologic concentrations selectively generates ascorbate radical and hydrogen peroxide in extracellular fluid in vivo. Chen Q, Espey MG, Sun AY, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104(21):8749-8754.
[Abstract]
Pharmacologic doses of ascorbate act as a prooxidant and decrease growth of aggressive tumor xenografts in mice. Chen Q, Espey MG, Sun AY, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105(32):11105-11109.
[Abstract]
A pilot clinical study of continuous intravenous ascorbate in terminal cancer patients. Riordan HD, Casciari JJ, Gonzalez MJ, et al. P R Health Sci J. 2005;24(4):269-276.
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Phase I clinical trial of i.v. ascorbic acid in advanced malignancy. Hoffer LJ, Levine M, Assouline S, et al. Ann Oncol. 2008;19(11):1969-1974.
[Abstract]
Intravenously administered vitamin C as cancer therapy: three cases. Padayatty SJ, Riordan HD, Hewitt SM, Katz A, Hoffer LJ, Levine M. Cmaj. 2006;174(7):937-942.
[Abstract]
The use of antioxidants with first-line chemotherapy in two cases of ovarian cancer. Drisko JA, Chapman J, Hunter VJ. J Am Coll Nutr. 2003;22(2):118-123.
[Abstract]
Task Force on Alternative Therapeuties of the Canadian Breast Cancer Research Initiative. Unconventional therapies for cancer: 5. Vitamins A, C, and E. Kaegi E, CMAJ. 1998;158(11):1483-1488.
[Abstract]
Does supplemental vitamin C increase cardiovascular disease risk in women with diabetes? Lee DH, Folsom AR, Harnack L, Halliwell B, Jacobs DR, Jr. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80(5):1194-1200.
[Abstract]
Effects of hormone replacement therapy and antioxidant vitamin supplements on coronary atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. Waters DD, Alderman EL, Hsia J, et al. JAMA. 2002;288(19):2432-2440.
[Abstract]
MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of antioxidant vitamin supplementation in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;360(9326):23-33.
[Abstract]
The effect of vitamin therapy on the progression of coronary artery atherosclerosis varies by haptoglobin type in postmenopausal women. Levy AP, Friedenberg P, Lotan R, et al. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(4):925-930.
[Abstract]
Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold. Douglas RM, Hemila H, D'Souza R, Chalker EB, Treacy B. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004(4):CD000980.
[Abstract]
Effect of vitamin C on common cold: randomized controlled trial. Sasazuki S, Sasaki S, Tsubono Y, Okubo S, Hayashi M, Tsugane S. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006;60(1):9-17.
[Abstract]
Narrow scope of vitamin C review. Sardi W. PLoS Med. 2005;2(9):e308; author reply e309.
[Abstract]
Misleading information on the properties of vitamin C. Hickey S, Roberts H. PLoS Med. 2005;2(9):e307; author reply e309.
[Abstract]
Ascorbic acid bioavailability in foods and supplements. Gregory JF, 3rd. Nutr Rev. 1993;51(10):301-303.
Comparison of the absorption and excretion of three commercially available sources of vitamin C. Johnston CS, Luo B. J Am Diet Assoc. 1994;94(7):779-781.
Flavonoid inhibition of sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter 1 (SVCT1) and glucose transporter isoform 2 (GLUT2), intestinal transporters for vitamin C and Glucose. Song J, Kwon O, Chen S, et al. J Biol Chem. 2002;277(18):15252-15260.
[Abstract]
Intracellular accumulation of ascorbic acid is inhibited by flavonoids via blocking of dehydroascorbic acid and ascorbic acid uptakes in HL-60, U937 and Jurkat cells. Park JB, Levine M. J Nutr. 2000;130(5):1297-1302.
[Abstract]
Inhibition of the intestinal glucose transporter GLUT2 by flavonoids. Kwon O, Eck P, Chen S, et al. FASEB J. 2007;21(2):366-377.
[Abstract]
Stability of vitamin C derivatives in solution and topical formulations. Austria R, Semenzato A, Bettero A. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 1997;15(6):795-801. [Abstract]
Physiologic availability of dehydro-L-ascorbic acid and palmitoyl-L-ascorbic acid. DeRitter E. Science. 1951;113:628-631.
Vitamin C-induced decomposition of lipid hydroperoxides to endogenous genotoxins. Lee SH, Oe T, Blair IA. Science. 2001;292(5524):2083-2086.
[Abstract]
Vitamin C exhibits pro-oxidant properties. Podmore ID, Griffiths HR, Herbert KE, Mistry N, Mistry P, Lunec J. Nature. 1998;392(6676):559.
Does vitamin C act as a pro-oxidant under physiological conditions? Carr A, Frei B. FASEB J. 1999;13(9):1007-1024.
[Abstract]
Effect of ascorbic acid consumption on urinary stone risk factors. Traxer O, Huet B, Poindexter J, Pak CY, Pearle MS. J Urol. 2003;170(2 Pt 1):397-401.
[Abstract]
Vitamin C pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers: evidence for a recommended dietary allowance. Levine M, Conry-Cantilena C, Wang Y, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996;93(8):3704-3709.
[Abstract]
Ascorbate increases human oxaluria and kidney stone risk. Massey LK, Liebman M, Kynast-Gales SA. J Nutr. 2005;135(7):1673-1677.
[Abstract]
The effect of ascorbic acid ingestion on the biochemical and physicochemical risk factors associated with calcium oxalate kidney stone formation. Auer BL, Auer D, Rodgers AL. Clin Chem Lab Med. 1998;36(3):143-147.
[Abstract]
Effect of supplemental ascorbate and orange juice on urinary oxalate. Liebman M, Chai WW, Harvey E, Boenisch L. Nutr Res. 1997;17(3):415-425.
Effect of high dose vitamin C on urinary oxalate levels. Wandzilak TR, D'Andre SD, Davis PA, Williams HE. J Urol. 1994;151(4):834-837.
[Abstract]
Dietary factors and the risk of incident kidney stones in men: new insights after 14 years of follow-up. Taylor EN, Stampfer MJ, Curhan GC. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004;15(12):3225-3232.
[Abstract]
Vitamin C-aspirin interactions. Basu TK. Int J Vitam Nutr Res Suppl. 1982;23:83-90.
[Abstract]
Simvastatin and niacin, antioxidant vitamins, or the combination for the prevention of coronary disease. Brown BG, Zhao XQ, Chait A, et al. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(22):1583-1592.
[Abstract]
The MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study: preliminary results. Collins R, Peto R, Armitage J. Int J Clin Pract. 2002;56(1):53-56.
[Abstract]
Vitamin C concentrations in plasma as a function of intake: a meta-analysis. Brubacher D, Moser U, Jordan P. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2000;70(5):226-237.
[Abstract]
Age-related decline of sodium-dependent ascorbic acid transport in isolated rat hepatocytes. Michels AJ, Joisher N, Hagen TM. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2003;410(1):112-120.
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