Soy Isoflavones
Description
Soy isoflavones belong to the larger class of molecules called bioflavonoids. The principal isoflavones are genistein, daidzein, and glycetin.
Function
Isoflavones can bind to estrogen receptors and have estrogen-like effects; they are also known as phyto-estrogens.
Sources
Foods rich in isoflavones include soy proteins, soybeans, miso, tempeh, tofu
Toxicity
Diets rich in soy or soy based products appear safe; however, there is conflicting results about the use of high doses of soy isoflavones in patients with breast cancer.
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Scientific References
A pilot clinical study of short-term isoflavone supplements in breast cancer patients. Sartippour MR, Rao JY, Apple S, et al. Nutr Cancer. 2004;49(1):59-65. [Abstract]
A preliminary study of the safety, feasibility and cognitive efficacy of soy isoflavone supplements in older men and women. Gleason CE, Carlsson CM, Barnet JH, et al. Age Ageing. 2009;38(1):86-93.
[Abstract]
A randomised double-blind controlled trial of oral soy supplements versus placebo for treatment of menopausal symptoms in patients with early breast cancer. MacGregor CA, Canney PA, Patterson G, McDonald R, Paul J. Eur J Cancer. 2005;41(5):708-714.
[Abstract]
A randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial with phytoestrogens in treatment of menopause in breast cancer patients. Nikander E, Kilkkinen A, Metsa-Heikkila M, et al. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;101(6):1213-1220.
[Abstract]
Abnormal thyroid function tests in infants with congenital hypothyroidism: the influence of soy-based formula. Jabbar MA, Larrea J, Shaw RA. J Am Coll Nutr. 1997;16(3):280-282.
[Abstract]
Acute and chronic effects of genistein, tyrphostin and lavendustin A on steroid synthesis in luteinized human granulosa cells. Whitehead SA, Cross JE, Burden C, Lacey M. Hum Reprod. 2002;17(3):589-594.
[Abstract]
Adolescent and adult soy intake and risk of breast cancer in Asian-Americans. Wu AH, Wan P, Hankin J, Tseng CC, Yu MC, Pike MC. Carcinogenesis. 2002;23(9):1491-1496.
[Abstract]
An overview of the health effects of isoflavones with an emphasis on prostate cancer risk and prostate-specific antigen levels. Messina M, Kucuk O, Lampe JW. J AOAC Int. 2006;89(4):1121-1134.
[Abstract]
Antioxidant activity of phytoestrogenic isoflavones. Ruiz-Larrea MB, Mohan AR, Paganga G, Miller NJ, Bolwell GP, Rice-Evans CA. Free Radic Res. 1997;26(1):63-70.
[Abstract]
Anti-thyroid isoflavones from soybean: isolation, characterization, and mechanisms of action. Divi RL, Chang HC, Doerge DR. Biochem Pharmacol. 1997;54(10):1087-1096.
[Abstract]
Association between arterial stiffness and atherosclerosis: the Rotterdam Study. van Popele NM, Grobbee DE, Bots ML, et al. Stroke. 2001;32(2):454-460.
[Abstract]
Association of soy and fiber consumption with the risk of endometrial cancer. Goodman MT, Wilkens LR, Hankin JH, Lyu LC, Wu AH, Kolonel LN. Am J Epidemiol. 1997;146(4):294-306.
[Abstract]
Beneficial effect of soy isoflavones on bone mineral content was modified by years since menopause, body weight, and calcium intake: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Chen YM, Ho SC, Lam SS, Ho SS, Woo JL. Menopause. 2004;11(3):246-254.
[Abstract]
Bioavailability of phyto-oestrogens. Rowland I, Faughnan M, Hoey L, Wahala K, Williamson G, Cassidy A. Br J Nutr. 2003;89 Suppl 1:S45-58.
[Abstract]
Bioavailability of pure isoflavones in healthy humans and analysis of commercial soy isoflavone supplements. Setchell KD, Brown NM, Desai P, et al. J Nutr. 2001;131(4 Suppl):1362S-1375S.
[Abstract]
Brain aging and midlife tofu consumption. White LR, Petrovitch H, Ross GW, et al. J Am Coll Nutr. 2000;19(2):242-255.
[Abstract]
Clinical characteristics and pharmacokinetics of purified soy isoflavones: multiple-dose administration to men with prostate neoplasia. Fischer L, Mahoney C, Jeffcoat AR, et al. Nutr Cancer. 2004;48(2):160-170.
[Abstract]
Clinical review: a critical evaluation of the role of soy protein and isoflavone supplementation in the control of plasma cholesterol concentrations. Dewell A, Hollenbeck PL, Hollenbeck CB. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(3):772-780.
[Abstract]
Cognitive improvement after 6 weeks of soy supplements in postmenopausal women is limited to frontal lobe function. File SE, Hartley DE, Elsabagh S, Duffy R, Wiseman H. Menopause. 2005;12(2):193-201.
[Abstract]
Complementary and alternative medicine for menopausal symptoms: a review of randomized, controlled trials. Kronenberg F, Fugh-Berman A. Ann Intern Med. 2002;137(10):805-813.
[Abstract]
Decreased bone resorption with soy isoflavone supplementation in postmenopausal women. Harkness LS, Fiedler K, Sehgal AR, Oravec D, Lerner E. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2004;13(9):1000-1007.
[Abstract]
Dietary genistein negates the inhibitory effect of tamoxifen on growth of estrogen-dependent human breast cancer (MCF-7) cells implanted in athymic mice. Ju YH, Doerge DR, Allred KF, Allred CD, Helferich WG. Cancer Res. 2002;62(9):2474-2477.
[Abstract]
Dietary inclusion of whole soy foods results in significant reductions in clinical risk factors for osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease in normal postmenopausal women. Scheiber MD, Liu JH, Subbiah MT, Rebar RW, Setchell KD. Menopause. 2001;8(5):384-392.
[Abstract]
Dietary phytoestrogens and their effect on bone: evidence from in vitro and in vivo, human observational, and dietary intervention studies. Setchell KD, Lydeking-Olsen E. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;78(3 Suppl):593S-609S.
[Abstract]
Dietary soy has both beneficial and potentially adverse cardiovascular effects: a placebo-controlled study in men and postmenopausal women. Teede HJ, Dalais FS, Kotsopoulos D, Liang YL, Davis S, McGrath BP. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86(7):3053-3060.
[Abstract]
Does soy protein and its isoflavones prevent bone loss in peri- and post-menopausal women? Results of a two year randomized clinical trial. Vitolins M, Anthony M, Lenschik L, Bland DR, Burke GL. J Nutr. 2002;132:582S [abstract].
Does the effect of soy phytoestrogens on bone in postmenopausal women depend on the equol-producing phenotype? Vatanparast H, Chilibeck PD. Nutr Rev. 2007;65(6 Pt 1):294-299.
[Abstract]
Effect of genistein on endothelial function in postmenopausal women: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study. Squadrito F, Altavilla D, Crisafulli A, et al. Am J Med. 2003;114(6):470-476.
[Abstract]
Effect of intestinal production of equol on menopausal symptoms in women treated with soy isoflavones. Jou HJ, Wu SC, Chang FW, Ling PY, Chu KS, Wu WH. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2008;102(1):44-49.
[Abstract]
Effect of soy isoflavone protein and soy lecithin on endothelial function in healthy postmenopausal women. Evans M, Njike VY, Hoxley M, Pearson M, Katz DL. Menopause. 2007;14(1):141-149.
[Abstract]
Effect of soy isoflavone supplementation on markers of oxidative stress in men and women. Djuric Z, Chen G, Doerge DR, Heilbrun LK, Kucuk O. Cancer Lett. 2001;172(1):1-6.
[Abstract]
Effect of soy phytoestrogens on hot flashes in postmenopausal women with breast cancer: a randomized, controlled clinical trial. Van Patten CL, Olivotto IA, Chambers GK, et al. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20(6):1449-1455.
[Abstract]
Effect of soy protein containing isoflavones on cognitive function, bone mineral density, and plasma lipids in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. Kreijkamp-Kaspers S, Kok L, Grobbee DE, et al. JAMA. 2004;292(1):65-74.
[Abstract]
Effect of soy protein on endogenous hormones in postmenopausal women. Persky VW, Turyk ME, Wang L, et al. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;75(1):145-153.
[Abstract]
Effects of a diet rich in phytoestrogens on prostate-specific antigen and sex hormones in men diagnosed with prostate cancer. Dalais FS, Meliala A, Wattanapenpaiboon N, et al. Urology. 2004;64(3):510-515.
[Abstract]
Effects of soy isoflavone supplementation on cognitive function in Chinese postmenopausal women: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Ho SC, Chan AS, Ho YP, et al. Menopause. 2007;14(3 Pt 1):489-499.
[Abstract]
Effects of soy isoflavones on markers of bone turnover in premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Wangen KE, Duncan AM, Merz-Demlow BE, et al. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85(9):3043-3048.
[Abstract]
Effects of soy phytoestrogens on the prostate. Goetzl MA, Van Veldhuizen PJ, Thrasher JB. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2007;10(3):216-223.
[Abstract]
Effects of soy protein and soybean isoflavones on thyroid function in healthy adults and hypothyroid patients: a review of the relevant literature. Messina M, Redmond G. Thyroid. 2006;16(3):249-258.
[Abstract]
Effects of soy protein on endothelium-dependent vasodilatation and lipid profile in postmenopausal women with mild hypercholesterolemia. Blum A, Lang N, Vigder F, et al. Clin Invest Med. 2003;26(1):20-26.
[Abstract]
Efficacy of a soy rich diet in preventing postmenopausal osteoporosis: the Menfis randomized trial. Chiechi LM, Secreto G, D'Amore M, et al. Maturitas. 2002;42(4):295-300.
[Abstract]
Emerging evidence on the role of soy in reducing prostate cancer risk. Messina MJ. Nutr Rev. 2003;61(4):117-131.
[Abstract]
Endothelial function: a critical determinant in atherosclerosis? Landmesser U, Hornig B, Drexler H. Circulation. 2004;109(21 Suppl 1):II27-33.
[Abstract]
Estimated Asian adult soy protein and isoflavone intakes. Messina M, Nagata C, Wu AH. Nutr Cancer. 2006;55(1):1-12.
[Abstract]
Evaluation of soy phytoestrogens for the treatment of hot flashes in breast cancer survivors: A North Central Cancer Treatment Group Trial. Quella SK, Loprinzi CL, Barton DL, et al. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18(5):1068-1074.
[Abstract]
Exposure to soy-based formula in infancy and endocrinological and reproductive outcomes in young adulthood. Strom BL, Schinnar R, Ziegler EE, et al. JAMA. 2001;286(7):807-814.
[Abstract]
Food sources of phyto-oestrogens and their precursors in Europe. Fletcher RJ. Br J Nutr. 2003;89 Suppl 1:S39-43.
[Abstract]
Genistein, a specific inhibitor of tyrosine-specific protein kinases. Akiyama T, Ishida J, Nakagawa S, et al. J Biol Chem. 1987;262(12):5592-5595.
[Abstract]
Goitrogenic and estrogenic activity of soy isoflavones. Doerge DR, Sheehan DM. Environ Health Perspect. 2002;110 Suppl 3:349-353.
[Abstract]
Improved cognitive function in postmenopausal women after 12 weeks of consumption of a soya extract containing isoflavones. Duffy R, Wiseman H, File SE. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2003;75(3):721-729.
[Abstract]
Intake of dietary phytoestrogens is low in postmenopausal women in the United States: the Framingham study(1-4). de Kleijn MJ, van der Schouw YT, Wilson PW, et al. J Nutr. 2001;131(6):1826-1832.
[Abstract]
Isoflavone content of infant formulas and the metabolic fate of these phytoestrogens in early life. Setchell KD, Zimmer-Nechemias L, Cai J, Heubi JE. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998;68(6 Suppl):1453S-1461S.
[Abstract]
Isoflavone content of infant formulas and the metabolic fate of these phytoestrogens in early life. Setchell KD, Zimmer-Nechemias L, Cai J, Heubi JE. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998;68(6 Suppl):1453S-1461S.
[Abstract]
Isoflavone intake in four different European countries: the VENUS approach. van Erp-Baart MA, Brants HA, Kiely M, et al. Br J Nutr. 2003;89 Suppl 1:S25-30.
[Abstract]
Isoflavone phytoestrogens consumed in soy decrease F(2)-isoprostane concentrations and increase resistance of low-density lipoprotein to oxidation in humans. Wiseman H, O'Reilly JD, Adlercreutz H, et al. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;72(2):395-400.
[Abstract]
Isoflavone supplements containing predominantly genistein reduce hot flash symptoms: a critical review of published studies. Williamson-Hughes PS, Flickinger BD, Messina MJ, Empie MW. Menopause. 2006;13(5):831-839.
[Abstract]
Isoflavone supplements do not affect thyroid function in iodine-replete postmenopausal women. Bruce B, Messina M, Spiller GA. J Med Food. 2003;6(4):309-316.
[Abstract]
Isoflavone therapy for menopausal flushes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Howes LG, Howes JB, Knight DC. Maturitas. 2006;55(3):203-211.
[Abstract]
Isoflavone-rich soy protein isolate attenuates bone loss in the lumbar spine of perimenopausal women. Alekel DL, Germain AS, Peterson CT, Hanson KB, Stewart JW, Toda T. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;72(3):844-852.
[Abstract]
Isoflavones and cognitive function in older women: the SOy and Postmenopausal Health In Aging (SOPHIA) Study. Kritz-Silverstein D, Von Muhlen D, Barrett-Connor E, Bressel MA. Menopause. 2003;10(3):196-202.
[Abstract]
Isoflavones and the prevention of breast and prostate cancer: new perspectives opened by nutrigenomics. Steiner C, Arnould S, Scalbert A, Manach C. Br J Nutr. 2008;99 E Suppl 1:ES78-108.
[Abstract]
Isoflavonoid and lignan phytoestrogens as dietary biomarkers. Lampe JW. J Nutr. 2003;133 Suppl 3:956S-964S.
[Abstract]
Isoflavonoids and chronic disease: mechanisms of action. Barnes S, Boersma B, Patel R, et al. Biofactors. 2000;12(1-4):209-215.
[Abstract]
Isoflavonoids do not inhibit in vivo lipid peroxidation in subjects with high-normal blood pressure. Hodgson JM, Puddey IB, Croft KD, Mori TA, Rivera J,
Beilin LJ. Atherosclerosis. 1999;145(1):167-172.
[Abstract]
Lipoprotein response to diets high in soy or animal protein with and without isoflavones in moderately hypercholesterolemic subjects. Lichtenstein AH, Jalbert SM, Adlercreutz H, et al. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2002;22(11):1852-1858.
[Abstract]
Long term hormone therapy for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. Farquhar C, Marjoribanks J, Lethaby A, Suckling JA, Lamberts Q. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(2):CD004143.
[Abstract]
Long-term consumption of isoflavone-enriched foods does not affect bone mineral density, bone metabolism, or hormonal status in early postmenopausal women: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study. Brink E, Coxam V, Robins S, Wahala K, Cassidy A, Branca F. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;87(3):761-770.
[Abstract]
Meta-analysis of the effects of soy protein containing isoflavones on the lipid profile. Zhan S, Ho SC. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;81(2):397-408.
[Abstract]
Meta-analysis of the effects of soy protein intake on serum lipids. Anderson JW, Johnstone BM, Cook-Newell ME. N Engl J Med. 1995;333(5):276-282.
[Abstract]
Modest hormonal effects of soy isoflavones in postmenopausal women. Duncan AM, Underhill KE, Xu X, Lavalleur J, Phipps WR, Kurzer MS. J Clin Endocrinol
Metab. 1999;84(10):3479-3484.
[Abstract]
Molecular basis of the inhibition of human aromatase (estrogen synthetase) by flavone and isoflavone phytoestrogens: A site-directed mutagenesis study. Kao YC, Zhou C, Sherman M, Laughton CA, Chen S. Environ Health Perspect. 1998;106(2):85-92.
[Abstract]
Nonhormonal therapies for menopausal hot flashes: systematic review and meta-analysis. Nelson HD, Vesco KK, Haney E, et al. JAMA. 2006;295(17):2057-2071.
[Abstract]
One year soy protein supplementation has positive effects on bone formation markers but not bone density in postmenopausal women. Arjmandi BH, Lucas EA, Khalil DA, et al. Nutr J. 2005;4(1):8.
[Abstract]
One-year soy isoflavone supplementation prevents early postmenopausal bone loss but without a dose-dependent effect. Huang HY, Yang HP, Yang HT, Yang TC, Shieh MJ, Huang SY. J Nutr Biochem. 2006;17(8):509-517.
[Abstract]
Persistent hypothyroidism in an infant receiving a soy formula: case report and review of the literature. Chorazy PA, Himelhoch S, Hopwood NJ, Greger NG, Postellon DC. Pediatrics. 1995;96(1 Pt 1):148-150.
[Abstract]
Phase II trial of isoflavone in prostate-specific antigen recurrent prostate cancer after previous local therapy. Pendleton JM, Tan WW, Anai S, et al. BMC Cancer. 2008;8:132.
[Abstract]
Physiological concentrations of dietary genistein dose-dependently stimulate growth of estrogen-dependent human breast cancer (MCF-7) tumors implanted in athymic nude mice. Ju YH, Allred CD, Allred KF, Karko KL, Doerge DR, Helferich WG. J Nutr. 2001;131(11):2957-2962.
[Abstract]
Phytoestrogen intake and endometrial cancer risk. Horn-Ross PL, John EM, Canchola AJ, Stewart SL, Lee MM. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2003;95(15):1158-1164.
[Abstract]
Phytoestrogen supplements for the treatment of hot flashes: the Isoflavone Clover Extract (ICE) Study: a randomized controlled trial. Tice JA, Ettinger B, Ensrud K, Wallace R, Blackwell T, Cummings SR. JAMA. 2003;290(2):207-214.
[Abstract]
Phytoestrogens do not influence lipoprotein levels or endothelial function in healthy, postmenopausal women. Simons LA, von Konigsmark M, Simons J, Celermajer DS. Am J Cardiol. 2000;85(11):1297-1301.
[Abstract]
Phytoestrogens for treatment of menopausal symptoms: a systematic review. Krebs EE, Ensrud KE, MacDonald R, Wilt TJ. Obstet Gynecol. 2004;104(4):824-836.
[Abstract]
Phytoestrogens: potential benefits and implications for breast cancer survivors. Duffy C, Cyr M. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2003;12(7):617-631.
[Abstract]
Possible role of equol status in the effects of isoflavone on bone and fat mass in postmenopausal Japanese women: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Wu J, Oka J, Ezaki J, et al. Menopause. 2007;14(5):866-874.
[Abstract]
Postmenopausal bone mineral density in relation to soy isoflavone-metabolizing phenotypes. Frankenfeld CL, McTiernan A, Thomas WK, et al. Maturitas. 2006;53(3):315-324.
[Abstract]
Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy: scientific review. Nelson HD, Humphrey LL, Nygren P, Teutsch SM, Allan JD. JAMA. 2002;288(7):872-881.
[Abstract]
Psychological assessment of the effects of treatment with phytoestrogens on postmenopausal women: a randomized, double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled study. Casini ML, Marelli G, Papaleo E, Ferrari A, D'Ambrosio F, Unfer V. Fertil Steril. 2006;85(4):972-978.
[Abstract]
Quality, labeling accuracy, and cost comparison of purified soy isoflavonoid products. Chua R, Anderson K, Chen J, Hu M. J Altern Complement Med. 2004;10(6):1053-1060.
[Abstract]
Raloxifene, soy phytoestrogens and endothelial function in postmenopausal women. Katz DL, Evans MA, Njike VY, et al. Climacteric. 2007;10(6):500-507.
[Abstract]
Randomised, controlled, cross-over trial of soy protein with isoflavones on blood pressure and arterial function in hypertensive subjects. Teede HJ, Giannopoulos D, Dalais FS, Hodgson J, McGrath BP. J Am Coll Nutr. 2006;25(6):533-540.
[Abstract]
Randomized controlled trial of the effects of soy protein containing isoflavones on vascular function in postmenopausal women. Kreijkamp-Kaspers S, Kok L, Bots ML, Grobbee DE, Lampe JW, van der Schouw YT. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;81(1):189-195.
[Abstract]
Relation between soy-associated isoflavones and LDL and HDL cholesterol concentrations in humans: a meta-analysis. Weggemans RM, Trautwein EA. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2003;57(8):940-946.
[Abstract]
Soy consumption and phytoestrogens: effect on serum prostate specific antigen when blood lipids and oxidized low-density lipoprotein are reduced in hyperlipidemic men. Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, D'Costa MA, et al. J Urol. 2003;169(2):507-511.
[Abstract]
Soy consumption and prostate cancer risk in men: a revisit of a meta-analysis. Yan L, Spitznagel EL. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89(4):1155-1163.
[Abstract]
Soy diets containing varying amounts of genistein stimulate growth of estrogen-dependent (MCF-7) tumors in a dose-dependent manner. Allred CD, Allred KF, Ju YH, Virant SM, Helferich WG. Cancer Res. 2001;61(13):5045-5050.
[Abstract]
Soy food intake and breast cancer survival. Shu XO, Zheng Y, Cai H, et al. JAMA. 2009;302(22):2437-2443.
Soy for breast cancer survivors: a critical review of the literature. Messina MJ, Loprinzi CL. J Nutr. 2001;131(11 Suppl):3095S-3108S.
[Abstract]
Soy for the treatment of perimenopausal symptoms--a systematic review. Huntley AL, Ernst E. Maturitas. 2004;47(1):1-9.
[Abstract]
Soy isoflavone intake inhibits bone resorption and stimulates bone formation in menopausal women: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Ma DF, Qin LQ, Wang PY, Katoh R. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2008;62(2):155-161.
[Abstract]
Soy isoflavone intake lowers serum LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of 8 randomized controlled trials in humans. Zhuo XG, Melby MK, Watanabe S. J Nutr. 2004;134(9):2395-2400.
[Abstract]
Soy isoflavones attenuate bone loss in early postmenopausal Chinese women : a single-blind randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Ye YB, Tang XY, Verbruggen MA, Su YX. Eur J Nutr. 2006;45(6):327-334.
[Abstract]
Soy isoflavones do not affect bone resorption in postmenopausal women: a dose-response study using a novel approach with 41Ca. Cheong JM, Martin BR, Jackson GS, et al. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92(2):577-582.
[Abstract]
Soy isoflavones do not modulate prostate-specific antigen concentrations in older men in a randomized controlled trial. Adams KF, Chen C, Newton KM, Potter JD, Lampe JW. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2004;13(4):644-648.
[Abstract]
Soy isoflavones exert modest hormonal effects in premenopausal women. Duncan AM, Merz BE, Xu X, Nagel TC, Phipps WR, Kurzer MS. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999;84(1):192-197.
[Abstract]
Soy isoflavones improve systemic arterial compliance but not plasma lipids in menopausal and perimenopausal women. Nestel PJ, Yamashita T, Sasahara T, et al. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1997;17(12):3392-3398.
[Abstract]
Soy isoflavones in the treatment of prostate cancer. Hussain M, Banerjee M, Sarkar FH, et al. Nutr Cancer. 2003;47(2):111-117.
[Abstract]
Soy isoflavones: a safety review. Munro IC, Harwood M, Hlywka JJ, et al. Nutr Rev. 2003;61(1):1-33.
[Abstract]
Soy protein and bone mineral density in older men and women: a randomized trial. Newton KM, LaCroix AZ, Levy L, et al. Maturitas. 2006;55(3):270-277.
[Abstract]
Soy protein and isoflavones: their effects on blood lipids and bone density in postmenopausal women. Potter SM, Baum JA, Teng H, Stillman RJ, Shay NF, Erdman JW, Jr. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998;68(6 Suppl):1375S-1379S.
[Abstract]
Soy protein for infant feeding: what do we know? Turck D. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2007;10(3):360-365.
[Abstract]
Soy protein has a greater effect on bone in postmenopausal women not on hormone replacement therapy, as evidenced by reducing bone resorption and urinary calcium excretion. Arjmandi BH, Khalil DA, Smith BJ, et al. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88(3):1048-1054.
[Abstract]
Soy protein isolate with isoflavones does not prevent estradiol-induced endometrial hyperplasia in postmenopausal women: a pilot trial. Murray MJ, Meyer WR, Lessey BA, Oi RH, DeWire RE, Fritz MA. Menopause. 2003;10(5):456-464.
[Abstract]
Soy protein isolates of varied isoflavone content do not influence serum thyroid hormones in healthy young men. Dillingham BL, McVeigh BL, Lampe JW, Duncan AM. Thyroid. 2007;17(2):131-137.
[Abstract]
Soy protein with isoflavones has favorable effects on endothelial function that are independent of lipid and antioxidant effects in healthy postmenopausal women. Steinberg FM, Guthrie NL, Villablanca AC, Kumar K, Murray MJ. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;78(1):123-130.
[Abstract]
Soy protein, isoflavones, and cardiovascular health: an American Heart Association Science Advisory for professionals from the Nutrition Committee. Sacks FM, Lichtenstein A, Van Horn L, Harris W, Kris-Etherton P, Winston M. Circulation. 2006;113(7):1034-1044.
[Abstract]
Soy protein-based formulas: recommendations for use in infant feeding. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Nutrition. Pediatrics. 1998;101(1 Pt 1):148-153.
[Abstract]
Soy proteins and isoflavones affect bone mineral density in older women: a randomized controlled trial. Kenny AM, Mangano KM, Abourizk RH, et al. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;90(1):234-242.
[Abstract]
Soya food intake and risk of endometrial cancer among Chinese women in Shanghai: population based case-control study. Xu WH, Zheng W, Xiang YB, et al. BMJ. 2004;328(7451):1285.
[Abstract]
Soy-based formulae and infant growth and development: a review. Mendez MA, Anthony MS, Arab L. J Nutr. 2002;132(8):2127-2130.
[Abstract]
Soybean isoflavones in bone health. Ishimi Y. Forum Nutr. 2009;61:104-116.
[Abstract]
Soyfood intake during adolescence and subsequent risk of breast cancer among Chinese women. Shu XO, Jin F, Dai Q, et al. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2001;10(5):483-488.
[Abstract]
Soymilk or progesterone for prevention of bone loss--a 2 year randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Lydeking-Olsen E, Beck-Jensen JE, Setchell KD, Holm-Jensen T. Eur J Nutr. 2004;43(4):246-257.
[Abstract]
Stimulatory influence of soy protein isolate on breast secretion in pre- and postmenopausal women. Petrakis NL, Barnes S, King EB, et al. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1996;5(10):785-794.
[Abstract]
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. 2004.
The clinical importance of the metabolite equol-a clue to the effectiveness of soy and its isoflavones. Setchell KD, Brown NM, Lydeking-Olsen E. J Nutr. 2002;132(12):3577-3584.
[Abstract]
The effect of isolated soy protein on plasma biomarkers in elderly men with elevated serum prostate specific antigen. Urban D, Irwin W, Kirk M, et al. J Urol. 2001;165(1):294-300.
[Abstract]
The effect of soy protein isolate on bone metabolism. Menopause. Gallagher JC, Satpathy R, Rafferty K, Haynatzka V. 2004;11(3):290-298.
[Abstract]
The effects of soy protein containing isoflavones on lipids and indices of bone resorption in postmenopausal women. Dalais FS, Ebeling PR, Kotsopoulos D, McGrath BP, Teede HJ. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2003;58(6):704-709.
[Abstract]
The health implications of soy infant formula. Badger TM, Gilchrist JM, Pivik RT, et al. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89(5):1668S-1672S.
[Abstract]
The role of soy phytoestrogens in prostate cancer. Holzbeierlein JM, McIntosh J, Thrasher JB. Curr Opin Urol. 2005;15(1):17-22.
[Abstract]
Two-week dietary soy supplementation has an estrogenic effect on normal premenopausal breast. Hargreaves DF, Potten CS, Harding C, et al. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999;84(11):4017-4024.
[Abstract]
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[Abstract]
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[Abstract]
