Scientific References
Role of specific micronutrients in the prevention and treatment of macular degeneration
Lutein
A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age-related macular degeneration and vision loss: AREDS report no. 8. Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group (October 2001). Arch. Ophthalmol. 119 (10): 1417–36.
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Associations between age-related nuclear cataract and lutein and zeaxanthin in the diet and serum in the Carotenoids in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study, an Ancillary Study of the Womn's Health Initiative. .
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Dietary carotenoids, vitamins A, C, and E, and advanced age-related macular degeneration. Eye Disease Case-Control Study Group. Seddon JM, Ajani UA, Sperduto RD, et al. (November 1994). JAMA 272 (18): 1413–20. doi:10.1001/jama.272.18
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Diet-related macular anomalies in monkeys. Malinow MR, Feeney-Burns L, Peterson LH, Klein ML, Neuringer M (August 1980). Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 19 (8): 857–63.
Double-masked, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of lutein and antioxidant supplementation in the intervention of atrophic age-related macular degeneration: the Veterans LAST study (Lutein Antioxidant Supplementation Trial). Richer S, Stiles W, Statkute L, et al. (April 2004). Optometry 75 (4): 216–30..
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Influence of lutein supplementation on macular pigment, assessed with two objective techniques. Berendschot TT, Goldbohm RA, Klöpping WA, van de Kraats J, van Norel J, van Norren D (October 2000).. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 41 (11): 3322–6.
Macular pigment and lutein supplementation in choroideremia. Duncan JL, Aleman TS, Gardner LM, et al. (March 2002). Exp. Eye Res. 74 (3): 371–81. doi:10.1006/exer.2001.1126
Macular pigment and lutein supplementation in retinitis pigmentosa and Usher syndrome, Aleman TS, Duncan JL, Bieber ML, et al. (July 2001).. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 42 (8): 1873–81.
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Nutritional manipulation of primate retinas, III: Effects of lutein or zeaxanthin supplementation on adipose tissue and retina of xanthophyll-free monkeys. Johnson EJ, Neuringer M, Russell RM, Schalch W, Snodderly DM (February 2005). Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 46 (2): 692–702.
Relation among serum and tissue concentrations of lutein and zeaxanthin and macular pigment density. Johnson EJ, Hammond BR, Yeum KJ, et al. (June 2000). Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 71 (6): 1555–62.
Serum and macular pigment response to 2.4 mg dosage of lutein. Landrum, J., et al. in ARVO. 2000.
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The relationship of dietary carotenoid and vitamin A, E, and C intake with age-related macular degeneration in a case-control study: AREDS Report No. 22. SanGiovanni JP, Chew EY, Clemons TE, et al. (September 2007). Arch. Ophthalmol. 125 (9): 1225–32.
Zeaxanthin
A prospective study of carotenoid and vitamin A intakes and risk of cataract extraction in US women. Chasan-Taber L, Willett WC, Seddon JM, et al. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;70(4):509-516.
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A prospective study of carotenoid intake and risk of cataract extraction in US men. Brown L, Rimm EB, Seddon JM, et al. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;70(4):517-524.
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A randomized trial of beta carotene and age-related cataract in US physicians. Christen WG, Manson JE, Glynn RJ, et al. Arch Ophthalmol. 2003;121(3):372-378.
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Antioxidant intake and risk of incident age-related nuclear cataracts in the Beaver Dam Eye Study. Lyle BJ, Mares-Perlman JA, Klein BE, Klein R, Greger JL. Am J Epidemiol. 1999;149(9):801-809.
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Antioxidant status and neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Eye Disease Case-Control Study Group. Arch Ophthalmol. 1993;111(1):104-109.
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Association of zinc and antioxidant nutrients with age-related maculopathy. Mares-Perlman JA, Klein R, Klein BE, et al. Arch Ophthalmol. 1996;114(8):991-997.
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Biologic mechanisms of the protective role of lutein and zeaxanthin in the eye. Krinsky NI, Landrum JT, Bone RA. Annu Rev Nutr. 2003;23:171-201.
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Dietary antioxidant intake and incidence of early age-related maculopathy: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Flood V, Smith W, Wang JJ, Manzi F, Webb K, Mitchell P.
Ophthalmology. 2002;109(12):2272-2278.
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Dietary carotenoids, vitamins A, C, and E, and advanced age-related macular degeneration. Eye Disease Case-Control Study Group. Seddon JM, Ajani UA, Sperduto RD, et al. JAMA. 1994;272(18):1413-1420.
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Lutein and zeaxanthin in the diet and serum and their relation to age-related maculopathy in the third national health and nutrition examination survey. Mares-Perlman JA, Fisher AI, Klein R, et al. Am J Epidemiol. 2001;153(5):424-432.
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Lutein and zeaxanthin status and risk of age-related macular degeneration. Gale CR, Hall NF, Phillips DI, Martyn CN. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2003;44(6):2461-2465.
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Macular pigment and risk for age-related macular degeneration in subjects from a Northern European population. Beatty S, Murray IJ, Henson DB, Carden D, Koh H, Boulton ME. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2001;42(2):439-446.
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Macular pigment in donor eyes with and without AMD: a case-control study. Bone RA, Landrum JT, Mayne ST, Gomez CM, Tibor SE, Twaroska EE. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2001;42(1):235-240.
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Neovascular age-related macular degeneration and its relationship to antioxidant intake. Snellen EL, Verbeek AL, Van Den Hoogen GW, Cruysberg JR, Hoyng CB. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2002;80(4):368-371.
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Nutritional supplementation in age-related macular degeneration. Coleman H, Chew E. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2007;18(3):220-223.
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Prospective study of intake of fruits, vegetables, vitamins, and carotenoids and risk of age-related maculopathy. Cho E, Seddon JM, Rosner B, Willett WC, Hankinson SE. Arch Ophthalmol. 2004;122(6):883-892.
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Serum antioxidants and age-related macular degeneration in a population-based case-control study. Mares-Perlman JA, Brady WE, Klein R, et al. Arch Ophthalmol. 1995;113(12):1518-1523.
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The body of evidence to support a protective role for lutein and zeaxanthin in delaying chronic disease. Mares-Perlman JA, Millen AE, Ficek TL, Hankinson SE. Overview. J Nutr. 2002;132(3):518S-524S.
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